英语词汇的发展与结构研究PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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Chapter One Social Changes and the Word Development1

1.1 English and Indo-European Languages1

1.1.1 Indo-European and Five Important Branches4

1.1.2 Germanic Branch and the Birth of English8

1.2 British English and Spread of Englishes14

1.2.1 British English14

1.2.2 Spread of Englishes20

Chapter Two Historical Factors for the Development of English Words25

2.1 Old English Words26

2.1.1 Indigenous Words of Old English26

2.1.2 Celtic Source27

2.1.3 Latin Source30

2.1.4 Scandinavian Source31

2.2 Middle English Words34

2.2.1 Norman Conquest and French English Words34

2.2.2 English-French Mixture and the Independent Status of English Words36

2.3 Early Modern English Words40

2.3.1 Words Enrichment during the Renaissance44

2.3.2 Some Typical Loanwords from Latin and Greek51

2.4 Modern English Words53

2.4.1 Industrial Revolution and New Words53

2.4.2 Old Words and the Changing of Meanings55

Chapter Three Word Origins and Creation within Words59

3.1 Neologisms61

3.2 Shortening66

3.2.1 Aphaeresis66

3.2.2 Apocope67

3.2.3 Front and Back Clipping68

3.2.4 Syncope68

3.2.5 Phrase Clipping68

3.3 Eponyms69

3.4 Echoism74

3.5 Conversion76

3.5.1 Conversion to Verbs77

3.5.2 Conversion to Nouns79

3.5.3 Conversion to Adjectives81

Chapter Four Word Creation with Morphemes83

4.1 Derivation83

4.1.1 Prefixes85

4.1.2 Suffixes89

4.2 Acronyms93

4.2.1 Initialisms94

4.2.2 Reverse acronyms96

4.3 Blending98

4.4 Compounding100

4.4.1 Semantic Compounding101

4.4.2 Lexical Compounding102

4.4.3 Word Class Compounding103

Chapter Five Word Structure and Changing Pronunciation110

5.1 Word Structure and Letter-sound Combinations110

5.2 Word Structure and Shift of Word Stress111

5.2.1 Word Stress and Prefixes111

5.2.2 Word Stress and Suffixes112

5.2.3 Shift of Word Stress and Conversion114

5.3 Homonym117

5.3.1 Perfect Homophony117

5.3.2 Homophones118

5.4 Heteronym120

Chapter Six Word Development and Changing of Meaning123

6.1 General Reasons for the Changing of Word Meaning124

6.1.1 Social Motivations125

6.1.2 Accidental Associations127

6.1.3 Analogy129

6.1.4 Hyponymy130

6.2 Semantic Change and Social Status133

6.2.1 Word Meaning Status Change135

6.2.2 Narrowing Word Meaning136

6.3 Semantic Change and Changing Culture137

Chapter Seven English Word Varieties139

7.1 American English Words140

7.1.1 Main Features of American English Words140

7.1.2 One Word but Different Spellings143

7.1.3 Different Words but the Same Meaning145

7.2 Canadian English Words147

7.2.1 General Rules for Spelling149

7.2.2 Some Typical Canadian Words151

7.3 Australian English Words155

7.3.1 Main Features of Australian English Words155

7.3.2 Some Typical Words and Expressions157

7.3.3 Comparison with Australian and British English Words161

7.4 New Zealand English Words162

7.4.1 Main Features of New Zealand English Words163

7.4.2 Comparison with New Zealand English and American English Words164

7.4.3 Comparison with New Zealand English and British English Words165

7.5 Indian English Words165

7.5.1 Main Features of Indian English Words166

7.5.2 Distinct Terms167

7.5.3 Hindi-influenced Words168

7.6 Chinese English Words170

7.6.1 Spread of English in China171

7.6.2 Classification of Chinese English Words173

Chapter Eight Lexical Words and Dictionary Structures177

8.1 Dictionary Structures177

8.2 Unabridged Dictionaries179

8.2.1 Oxford English Dictionary180

8.2.2 Webster's New International Dictionary182

8.3 Desktop Dictionaries184

8.3.1 British Desktop Dictionary184

8.3.2 American Desktop Dictionary186

8.3.3 English-Chinese Desktop Dictionary188

8.4 Differences between Dictionary Structures189

8.4.1 Etymologies in Dictionary190

8.4.2 Specialized Dictionaries191

8.4.3 Thesaurus193

References194

Appendix 1197

Appendix 2198