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Chapter Ⅰ:Preliminary Considerations1

Section Ⅰ Nature of the Problem1

1.Importance of Maritime Delimitation in International Law of the Sea1

2.Development of the Studies on Maritime Delimitation3

3.Analytical Framework4

Section Ⅱ Concept of Maritime Delimitation7

1.Legal Nature of Maritime Delimitation7

A.Definition7

B.Arguments on the Distinction between Delimitation and Apportionment11

C.Arguments on the Distinction between Declaratory and Constitutive Delimitation12

2.Typology of Maritime Delimitations14

A.Typology in the 1958 Geneva Conventions14

B.Typology in the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea14

C.Issues of the Single Maritime Boundary15

Part One:The Evolution of Law of Maritime Delimitation:Opposition of Two Basic Approaches17

Chapter Ⅱ:Law of Maritime Delimitation Prior to the 1958 Geneva Conventions:Emergence of Two Approaches19

Section Ⅰ Five Principal Systems of Maritime Delimitation19

1.Median-Line System19

A.State Practice and Opinions of Writers19

B.Emergence of Two Prototypes22

2.The System of a Line Perpendicular to the General Direction of the Coast24

A.The Grisbadarna Case(Norway/Sweden,1909)24

B.Evaluation25

3.Prolongation of the Land Boundary27

4.Thalweg System28

A.State Practice and the Case Law28

B.Evaluation31

5.Common-Zone System31

Section Ⅱ Discussion at the Hague Conference for the Codification of International Law in 193032

1.Delimitation of Territorial Sea between States with Adjacent Coasts32

2.Delimitation of the Territorial Sea between States with Opposite Coasts33

Section Ⅲ Summary34

Chapter Ⅲ:The 1958 Geneva Conventions and the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea37

Section Ⅰ The 1958 Geneva Conventions37

1.Rules Regarding Delimitation of Territorial Sea and the Continental Shelf37

A.Basic Structure of the Rules37

B.Comments on the Triple Rule40

2.Rules on the Delimitation of Contiguous Zones and Internal Waters43

Section Ⅱ The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea44

1.Analysis of Articles 74(1) and 83(1)44

2.Problems with Articles 74(1) and 83(1)47

Chapter Ⅳ:Opposition of Two Approaches in the Case Law I:Continental Shelf Delimitation51

Section Ⅰ The North Sea Continental Shelf Cases(1969,Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark,the Netherlands)51

1.Law Applicable to the Continental Shelf Delimitation(1):Article 6 of the Convention on the Continental Shelf52

A.The Fundamental Aspects of Article 652

B.The Positive Law Aspects of Article 653

2.Law Applicable to the Continental Shelf Delimitation(2):Equitable Principles57

A.Legal Basis of Equitable Principles57

B.Substance of Equitable Principles58

Section Ⅱ The Anglo-French Continental Shelf Case(France/United Kingdom,1977)61

1.Law Applicable to the Continental Shelf Delimitation61

A.Preliminary Considerations on Reservations61

B.Relation between Article 6 and Customary Law62

2.Application of the Law Identified64

A.Establishment of the Continental Shelf Boundary64

B.Comparison between the 1969 and 1977 Decisions66

Section Ⅲ The Tunisia/Libya Case(1982)67

1.Law Applicable to the Continental Shelf Delimitation67

A.Relation between Equitable Principles and Natural Prolongation67

B.Approach to Equitable Principles69

2.Application of the Law Identified71

A.Establishment of an Illustrative Continental Shelf Boundary71

B.Problem of the Illustrative Boundary72

Section Ⅳ The Libya/Malta Case(1985)74

1.Law Applicable to the Continental Shelf Delimitation75

A.The Court's Approach to Equitable Principles75

B.Contents of Equitable Principles76

2.Application of the Law Identified77

A.Establishment of the Illustrative Continental Shelf Boundary77

B.Evaluation79

Chapter Ⅴ:Opposition of Two Approaches in the Case Law Ⅱ:Single/Coincident Maritime Boundaries81

Section Ⅰ The Gulf of Maine Case(United States/Canada,1984)81

1.Law Applicable to the Single Maritime Boundary82

A.Three Levels of Structure in the Chamber's Reasoning and Its Problems82

B.The Chamber's Approach to the Law Applicable to Single Maritime Boundary85

2.Application of the Law Identified86

A.Operational Stage86

B.Verification Stage88

Section Ⅱ The Guinea/Guinea-Bissau Case(1985)88

1.Law Applicable to the Single Maritime Boundary89

2.Application of the Law Identified90

Section Ⅲ The St Pierre and Miquelon Case(France/Canada,1992)91

1.Law Applicable to the Single Maritime Boundary91

2.Application of the Law Identified92

A.Operational Stage92

B.Verification Stage94

Section Ⅳ The Greenland/]an Mayen Case(Denmark/Norway,1993)94

1.The Law Applicable to the Maritime Delimitation95

A.Law Applicable to the Continental Shelf95

B.Law Applicable to the FZ97

C.The Court's Approach to Equitable Principles98

2.Application of the Law Identified99

A.Consideration of the Special/Relevant Circumstances99

B.Problems with the Coincident Maritime Boundary Established100

Section Ⅴ The Eritrea/Yemen Case:the Second Stage(1999)101

1.Law Applicable to the Single Maritime Boundary103

2.Application of the Law Identified104

Section Ⅵ The Qatar/Bahrain Case(Merits,2001)107

1.Law Applicable to Maritime Delimitation108

A.Law Applicable to Territorial Sea Delimitation108

B.Law Applicable to a Single Maritime Boundary109

2.Application of the Law Identified110

A.Territorial Sea Delimitation110

B.Single Maritime Boundary112

Section Ⅶ The Cameroon/Nigeria Case(Merits 2002)113

1.Law Applicable to Maritime Delimitation114

2.Application of the Law Identified117

A.Identification of Relevant Coasts and Base Points117

B.Considerations on Relevant Circumstances118

Section Ⅷ Two Approaches to Equitable Principles in the Case Law119

1.General Considerations119

2.Analysis of Courts Approaches Based on the Configuration of the Coast121

3.Advantages and Disadvantages of the Two Approaches123

A.The Result-Oriented Equity Approach123

B.The Corrective-Equity Approach125

Part Two:Comparative Analysis between the Case Law and State Practice127

Chapter Ⅵ:Predictability in the Law of Maritime Delimitation:The Applicability of the Equidistance Method at the First Stage of Delimitation129

Section Ⅰ Method of Analysis129

1.Importance of Comparative Analysis between the Case Law and State Practice129

2.Concept of Predictability130

Section Ⅱ Analysis of State Practice132

1.The Equidistance Method in State Practice133

A.Method of Analysis133

B.The Results134

2.Evaluation136

A.Extensive and Virtually Uniform State Practice136

B.Existence of Opinio Juris137

Section Ⅲ Analysis of the Case Law138

1.Link between Legal Title and Method of Delimitation138

A.Concept of Legal Title in Maritime Delimitation138

B.Relation between Legal Title and Delimitation Method in the Case Law141

2.Evaluation147

Section Ⅳ Discussion148

Chapter Ⅶ:Flexibility in the Law of Maritime Delimitation I:Geographical Factors151

Section Ⅰ The Concept of Flexibility151

Section Ⅱ Configuration of the Coast152

1.Opposite or Adjacent Coasts152

A.Analysis of the Case Law152

B.Analysis of State Practice154

2.Concave or Convex Coasts154

A.Analysis of the Case Law154

B.Analysis of State Practice157

3.General Direction of the Coast158

A.Analysis of the Case Law158

B.Analysis of State Practice160

4.Discussion160

Section Ⅲ Proportionality161

1.Analysis of the Case Law161

A.Proportionality in the Context of Continental Shelf Delimitations161

B.Proportionality in the Context of Single/Coincident Maritime Boundaries169

C.Summary177

2.Analysis of State Practice179

A.Agreements Regarding Continental Shelf Boundaries179

B.Agreements Regarding Single Maritime Boundaries181

3.Discussion182

Section Ⅳ Presence of Islands183

1.General Considerations183

A.Entitlement of Islands184

B.Typology of Islands185

2.Analysis of the Case Law186

A.Islands in the Context of Continental Shelf Delimitations186

B.Islands in the Context of the Single/Coincident Maritime Boundaries196

3.Analysis of State Practice207

A.Offshore Islands209

B.Islands 'on the Wrong Side'213

C.Detached Islands(Islands as the Sole Unit of Entitlement)214

D.Island States216

4.Discussion217

Section Ⅴ Baselines219

1.Analysis of the Case Law219

A.Arguments in the Context of Continental Shelf Delimitations219

B.Arguments in the Context of Single/Coincident Maritime Boundaries222

2.Analysis of State Practice225

A.Straight Baselines Which Did Not Influence the Maritime Delimitation225

B.Straight Baselines Which Did Influence the Maritime Delimitation227

3.Discussio n230

Section Ⅵ Geological and Geomorphological Factors231

1.Analysis of the Case Law231

A.Arguments in the Context of Continental Shelf Delimitations231

B.Arguments in the Context of Single/Coincident Maritime Boundaries233

2.Analysis of State Practice234

A.Agreements regarding Continental Shelf Delimitations234

B.Agreements regarding Single Maritime Boundaries237

3.Discussion240

Section Ⅶ The Presence of Third States241

1.Analysis of the Case Law241

A.Arguments in the Context of Continental Shelf Delimitations241

B.Arguments in the Judgments on Single/Coincident Maritime Boundaries245

2.Analysis of State Practice253

A.Establishment of a Tri-Junction Point254

B.Agreements Which Provide for Future Delimitation with Third States254

3.Discussion255

Section Ⅷ Position of Land Boundary257

1.Analysis of the Case Law257

A.Arguments in the Context of Continental Shelf Delimitations:The Tunisia/Libya Case257

B.Arguments in the Context of Single Maritime Boundaries:The Gulf of Maine and Guinea/Guinea-Bissau Cases258

2.Analysis of State Practice260

A.Starting Point of Maritime Boundaries260

B.Prolongation of a Land Boundary261

3.Discussion262

Section Ⅸ Presence of Ice262

1.Analysis of the Case Law:The Greenland/]an Mayen Case262

2.Analysis of State Practice263

Chapter Ⅷ:Flexibility in the Law of Maritime Delimitation Ⅱ:Non-Geographical Factors265

Section Ⅰ Economic Factors265

1.Analysis of the Case Law266

A.Arguments in the Context of Continental Shelf Delimitations266

B.Arguments in the Context of Single/Coincident Maritime Boundaries269

2.Analysis of State Practice276

A.Agreements Regarding Delimitations of Continental Shelf276

B.Agreements Regarding Single Maritime Boundaries277

C.Two Flexible Solutions in State Practice279

3.Discussion287

Section Ⅱ Conduct of the Parties288

1.Analysis of the Case Law288

A.Arguments in the Context of Continental Shelf Delimitations:The Tunisia/Libya Case289

B.Arguments in the Context of Single/Coincident Maritime Boundaries291

2.Analysis of State Practice297

A.Agreements Regarding Continental Shelf Delimitations297

B.Agreements Regarding Single Maritime Boundaries298

3.Discussion298

Section Ⅲ Historic Rights299

1.Analysis of the Case Law299

A.Arguments in the Context of Continental Shelf Delimitations:The Tunisia/Libya Case299

B.Arguments in the Context of Single/Coincident Maritime Boundaries302

2.Analysis of State Practice305

3.Discussion306

Section Ⅳ Security Interests306

1.Analysis of the Case Law306

A.Arguments in the Context of Continental Shelf Delimitations306

B.Arguments in the Context of Single/Coincident Maritime Boundaries309

2.Analysis of State Practice311

3.Discussion313

Section Ⅴ Navigation314

1.Analysis of the Case Law314

A.Arguments in the Context of Continental Shelf Delimitations314

B.Arguments in the Context of Single Maritime Boundaries315

2.Analysis of State Practice316

A.Agreements Regarding Continental Shelf Delimitations316

B.Agreements Regarding Single Maritime Boundaries317

3.Discussion318

Section Ⅵ Environmental Factors319

1.Analysis of the Case Law:The Gulf of Maine Case319

2.Analysis of State Practice320

3.Discussion322

Section Ⅶ Traditional Livelihood322

1.Analysis of the Case Law322

2.Analysis of State Practice322

Section Ⅷ Summary323

1.General Observation Regarding the Case Law323

2.Formation of Case Law Distinguished From State Practice325

Part Three:Balance between Predictability and Flexibility in the Law of Maritime Delimitation329

Chapter Ⅸ:Legal Framework Reconciling Predictability and Flexibility in the Law of Maritime Delimitation331

Section Ⅰ Tension between Predictability and Flexibility in the Law of Maritime Delimitation331

Section Ⅱ Identification of Relevant Circumstances333

1.Relevant Circumstances in a Broad Sense333

2.Relevant Circumstances in a Narrow Sense334

3.The Attempt to Establish a Legal Framework of Relevant Circumstances336

Section Ⅲ Balancing Relevant Circumstances337

1.The Balancing of Relevant Circumstances in State Practice338

A.The Obscurity of Criteria to be used for Balancing Relevant Circumstances in State Practice338

B.Agreements Drawing Separate Maritime Boundaries for the Seabed and the Superjacent Waters338

2.The Problem of Balancing Relevant Circumstances in the Case Law344

A.Relation between Relevant Circumstances in the Context of Continental Shelf Delimitations344

B.The Relation between Relevant Circumstances in the Context of Single/Coincident Maritime Boundaries345

C.Evaluation347

Section Ⅳ The Quest for Reconciliation between Predictability and Flexibility in the Law of Maritime Delimitation349

1.Law of Maritime Delimitation at the End of the Twentieth Century:Co-existence of Two Approaches349

2.The Law of Maritime Delimitation at the Onset of the Twenty-First Century:Towards a Unified Approach350

Chapter Ⅹ:General Conclusion353

Appendix:State Practice Regarding Maritime Delimitation357

Selected Bibliography383

Index413