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1 Introduction1

1-1 Conduction Heat Transfer2

1-2 Thermal Conductivity6

1-3 Convection Heat Transfer10

1-4 Radiation Heat Transfer14

1-5 Dimensions and Units15

1-6 Computer Solution of Heat Transfer Problems21

1-7 Summary22

2 Steady-State Conduction—One Dimension27

2-1 Introduction27

2-2 The Plane Wall27

2-3 Insulation and R Values29

2-4 Radial Systems—Cylinders30

2-5 The Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficient34

2-6 Critical Thickness of Insulation36

2-7 Heat-Source Systems37

2-8 Cylinder with Heat Sources39

2-9 Conduction-Convection Systems43

2-10 Fins46

2-11 Thermal Contact Resistance55

3 Steady-State Conduction—Multiple Dimensions73

3-1 Introduction73

3-2 Mathematical Analysis of Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction74

3-3 Graphical Analysis76

3-4 The Conduction Shape Factor77

3-5 Numerical Method of Analysis86

3-6 Numerical Formulation in Terms of Resistance Elements99

3-7 Gauss-Seidel Iteration101

3-8 Accuracy Considerations103

3-9 Electrical Analogy for Two-Dimensional Conduction119

3-10 Summary120

4 Unsteady-State Conduction139

4-1 Introduction139

4-2 Lumped-Heat-Capacity System141

4-3 Transient Heat Flow in a Semi-Infinite Solid144

4-4 Convection Boundary Conditions147

4-5 Multidimensional Systems160

4-6 Transient Numerical Method166

4-7 Thermal Resistance and Capacity Formulation174

4-8 Graphical Analysis—The Schmidt Plot194

4-9 Summary197

5 Principles of Convection217

5-1 Introduction217

5-2 Viscous Flow217

5-3 Inviscid Flow221

5-4 Laminar Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate225

5-5 Energy Equation of the Boundary Layer232

5-6 The Thermal Boundary Layer235

5-7 The Relation between Fluid Friction and Heat Transfer245

5-8 Turbulent-Boundary-Layer Heat Transfer247

5-9 Turbulent-Boundary-Layer Thickness254

5-10 Heat Transfer in Laminar Tube Flow256

5-11 Turbulent Flow in a Tube260

5-12 Heat Transfer in High-Speed Flow263

5-13 Summary269

6 Empirical and Practical Relations for Forced-Convection Heat Transfer281

6-1 Introduction281

6-2 Empirical Relations for Pipe and Tube Flow283

6-3 Flow across Cylinders and Spheres298

6-4 Flow across Tube Banks309

6-5 Liquid-Metal Heat Transfer315

6-6 Summary Remarks320

7 Natural-Convection Systems333

7-1 Introduction333

7-2 Free-Convection Heat Transfer on a Vertical Flat Plate333

7-3 Empirical Relations for Free Convection340

7-4 Free Convection from Vertical Planes and Cylinders342

7-5 Free Convection from Horizontal Cylinders349

7-6 Free Convection from Horizontal Plates352

7-7 Free Convection from Inclined Surfaces353

7-8 Nonnewtonian Fluids355

7-9 Simplified Equations for Air355

7-10 Free Convection from Spheres356

7-11 Free Convection in Enclosed Spaces357

7-12 Combined Free and Forced Convection364

7-13 Summary368

8 Radiation Heat Transfer385

8-1 Introduction385

8-2 Physical Mechanism385

8-3 Radiation Properties387

8-4 Radiation Shape Factor396

8-5 Relations between Shape Factors405

8-6 Heat Exchange between Nonblackbodies412

8-7 Infinite Parallel Planes419

8-8 Radiation Shields421

8-9 Gas Radiation425

8-10 Radiation Network for an Absorbing and Transmitting Medium436

8-11 Radiation Exchange with Specular Surfaces442

8-12 Radiation Exchange with Transmitting, Reflecting, and Absorbing Media448

8-13 Formulation for Numerical Solution454

8-14 Solar Radiation471

8-15 Radiation Properties of the Environment476

8-16 Effect of Radiation on Temperature Measurement482

8-17 The Radiation Heat-Transfer Coefficient483

8-18 Summary483

9 Condensation and Boiling Heat Transfer507

9-1 Introduction507

9-2 Condensation Heat-Transfer Phenomena507

9-3 The Condensation Number513

9-4 Film Condensation inside Horizontal Tubes514

9-5 Boiling Heat Transfer516

9-6 Simplified Relations for Boiling Heat Transfer with Water529

9-7 Summary and Design Information530

10 Heat Exchangers541

10-1 Introduction541

10-2 The Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficient542

10-3 Fouling Factors547

10-4 Types of Heat Exchangers548

10-5 The Log Mean Temperature Difference552

10-6 Effectiveness-NTU Method561

10-7 Compact Heat Exchangers575

10-8 Analysis for Variable Properties579

10-9 Heat-Exchanger Design Considerations586

11 Mass Transfer599

11-1 Introduction599

11-2 Fick's Law of Diffusion600

11-3 Diffusion in Gases601

11-4 Diffusion in Liquids and Solids606

11-5 The Mass-Transfer Coefficient607

11-6 Evaporation Processes in the Atmosphere611

12 Special Topics in Heat Transfer619

12-1 Introduction619

12-2 Heat Transfer in Magnetofluidynamic （MFD） Systems619

12-3 Transpiration Cooling625

12-4 Low-Density Heat Transfer631

12-5 Ablation640

12-6 The Heat Pipe642

Appendixes651

A Tables651

B Exact Solutions of Laminar-Boundary-Layer Equations671

C Analytical Relations for the Heisler Charts677

D Heat-Transfer Software683

D-1 Introduction683

D-2 Setting Up the Programs684

D-3 Documentation of the Twelve Programs684

Problems Using Heat-Transfer Software691

Index705