发展心理学 第12版 英文版PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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part 1 About Human Development2

chapter 1 The Study of Human Development2

Human Development：An Ever-Evolving Field4

Studying the Life Span5

Human Development Today5

The Study of Human Development：Basic Concepts5

Domains of Development6

Periods of the Life Span7

Influences on Development10

Heredity,Environment,and Maturation10

Contexts of Development10

Normative and Nonnormative Influences15

Timing of Influences：Critical or Sensitive Periods16

Paul B.Baltes's Life-Span Developmental Approach18

summary and key terms20

Box 1.1 Window on the World Child ren of Immigrant Families14

Box 1.2 Research in Action Is There a Critical Period for Language Acquisition？18

chapter 2 Theory and Research22

Basic Theoretical Issues24

Issue 1：Is Development Active or Reactive？25

Issue 2：Is Development Continuous or Discontinuous？26

Theoretical Perspectives26

Perspective 1：Psychoanalytic27

Perspective 2：Learning30

Perspective 3：Cognitive32

Perspective 4：Contextual35

Perspective 5：Evolutionary/Sociobiological37

A Shifting Balance37

Research Methods38

Quantitative and Qualitative Research38

Sampling39

Forms of Data Collection40

Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research42

Basic Research Designs42

Developmental Research Designs47

Ethics of Research49

summary and key terms50

Box2.1 Window on the World Purposes of Cross-Cultural Research44

part 2 Beginnings52

chapter 3 Forming a New Life52

Conceiving New Life54

How Fertilization Takes Place54

What Causes Multiple Births？55

Mechanisms of Heredity56

The Genetic Code56

What Determines Sex？57

Patterns of Genetic Transmission58

Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities61

Genetic Counseling and Testing65

Nature and Nurture：Influences of Heredity and Environment67

Studying Heredity and Environment68

How Heredity and Environment Work Together69

Some Characteristics Influenced by Heredity and Environment72

Prenatal Development74

Stages of Prenatal Development75

Environmental Influences：Maternal Factors81

Environmental Influences：Paternal Factors88

Monitoring and Promoting Prenatal Development88

Disparities in Prenatal Care90

The Need for Preconception Care90

summary and key terms91

Box 3.1 Research in Action Genetic Testing66

chapter 4 Birth and Physical Development during the First Three Years94

Childbirth and Culture：How Birthing Has Changed96

The Birth Process98

Stages of Childbirth98

Electronic Fetal Monitoring98

Vaginal versus Cesarean Delivery99

Medicated versus Nonmedicated Delivery100

The Newborn Baby101

Size and Appearance102

Body Systems102

Medical and Behavioral Assessment103

States of Arousal104

Complications of Childbirth105

Low Birth Weight105

Can a Supportive Environment Overcome Effects of Birth Complications？109

Postmaturity110

Stillbirth110

Survival and Health111

Reducing Infant Mortality111

Immunization for Better Health114

Early Physical Development115

Principles of Development115

Growth Patterns116

Nutrition116

The Brain and Reflex Behavior118

Early Sensory Capacities126

Motor Development127

Milestones of Motor Development127

Motor Development and Perception130

Eleanor and James Gibson's Ecological Theory of Perception130

How Motor Development Occurs：Thelen's Dynamic Systems Theory131

Cultural Influences on Motor Development132

summary and key terms132

Box 4.1 Research in Action Lessons from Neuroscience119

Box 4.2 Research in Action The Autism"Epidemic"122

chapter 5 Cognitive Development during the First Three Years136

Studying Cognitive Development：Six Approaches138

Behaviorist Approach：Basic Mechanics of Learning139

Classical and Operant Conditioning139

Infant Memory139

Psychometric Approach：Developmental and Intelligence Testing141

Testing Infants and Toddlers141

Assessing the Impact of the Early Home Environment142

Early Intervention142

Piagetian Approach：The Sensorimotor Stage144

Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage144

Do Imitative Abilities Develop Earlier than Piaget Thought？147

Development of Knowledge about Objects and Symbols149

Evaluating Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage151

Information-Processing Approach：Perceptions and Representations151

Habituation151

Visual and Auditory Perceptual and Processing Abilities152

Information Processing as a Predictor of Intelligence153

Information Processing and the Development of Piagetian Abilities155

Evaluating Information Processing Research on Infants158

Cognitive Neuroscience Approach：The Brain's Cognitive Structures159

Social-Contextual Approach：Learning from Interactions with Caregivers160

Language Development161

Sequence of Early Language Development161

Characteristics of Early Speech165

Classic Theories of Language Acquisition：The Nature-Nurture Debate166

Influences on Early Language Development168

Preparing for Literacy：The Benefits of Reading Aloud170

summary and key terms171

Box 5.1 Research in Action Do Infants and Toddlers Watch Too Much Television？154

chapter 6 Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years174

Foundations of Psychosocial Development176

Emotions176

Temperament181

Earliest Social Experiences：The Infant in the Family184

Gender：How Different Are Baby Boys and Girls？186

Developmental Issues in Infancy187

Developing Trust187

Developing Attachments188

Emotional Communication with Caregivers：Mutual Regulation193

Social Referencing193

Developmental Issues in Toddlerhood195

The Emerging Sense of Self195

Development of Autonomy196

The Roots of Moral Development：Socialization and Internalization196

Contact with Other Children200

Siblings200

Sociability with Nonsiblings201

Children of Working Parents201

Effects of Maternal Employment201

Early Child Care202

Maltreatment：Abuse and Neglect205

Maltreatment in Infancy and Toddlerhood205

Contributing Factors：An Ecological View206

Helping Families in Trouble207

Long-Term Effects of Maltreatment208

summary and key terms209

Box6.1 Research inAction How Postpartum Depression Affects Early Development194

Box 6.2 Window on the World Are Struggles with Toddlers Necessary？198

part 3 Early Childhood212

chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood212

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT214

Aspects of Physical Development214

Bodily Growth and Change214

Sleep Patterns and Problems215

Brain Development217

Motor Skills217

Health and Safety220

Preventing Obesity220

Undernutrition221

Food Allergies222

Deaths and Accidental Injuries223

Health in Context：Environmental Influences223

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT227

Piagetian Approach：The Preoperational Child227

Advances of Preoperational Thought228

Immature Aspects of Preoperational Thought230

Do Young Children Have Theories of Mind？232

Information-Processing Approach：Memory Development235

Basic Processes and Capacities235

Recognition and Recall236

Forming and Retaining Childhood Memories236

Intelligence：Psychometric and Vygotskian Approaches238

Traditional Psychometric Measures238

Influences on Measured Intelligence239

Testing and Teaching Based on Vygotsky's Theory239

Language Development240

Vocabulary240

Grammar and Syntax241

Pragmatics and Social Speech242

Private Speech242

Delayed Language Development242

Preparation for Literacy243

Media and Cognition244

Early Childhood Education244

Types of Preschools244

Compensatory Preschool Programs245

The Child in Kindergarten246

summary and key terms247

Box 7.1 Research in Action Food Security222

Box 7.2 Window on the World Surviving the First Five Years of Life224

chapter 8 Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood250

The Developing Self252

The Self-Concept and Cognitive Development252

Self-Esteem253

Understanding and Regulating Emotions254

Erikson：Initiative versus Guilt256

Gender256

Gender Differences256

Perspectives on Gender Development257

Play：The Business of Early Childhood264

Cognitive Levels of Play264

The Social Dimension of Play266

How Gender Influences Play267

How Culture Influences Play268

Parenting269

Forms of Discipline269

Parenting Styles271

Special Behavioral Concerns273

Relationships with Other Children276

Sibling Relationships276

The Only Child277

Playmates and Friends278

summary and key terms279

Box 8.1 Research in Action Does Play Have an Evolutionary Basis？265

part 4 Middle Childhood282

chapter 9 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood282

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT284

Aspects of Physical Development284

Height and Weight284

Nutrition and Sleep284

Brain Development285

Motor Development and Physical Play286

Health,Fitness,and Safety288

Obesity and Body Image288

Other Medical Conditions290

Accidental Injuries291

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT292

Piagetian Approach：The Concrete Operational Child292

Cognitive Advances292

Influences of Neurological Development,Culture,and Schooling295

Moral Reasoning296

Information-Processing Approach：Planning,Attention,and Memory297

How Do Executive Skills Develop？297

Selective Attention297

Working Memory297

Metamemory：Understanding Memory298

Mnemonics：Strategies for Remembering298

Information Processing and Piagetian Tasks300

Psychometric Approach：Assessment of Intelligence300

The IQ Controversy300

Influences on Intelligence(IQ)301

Is There More Than One Intelligence？304

Other Directions in Intelligence Testing306

Language and Literacy306

Vocabulary,Grammar,and Syntax306

Pragmatics：Knowledge about Communication307

Second-Language Learning308

Becoming Literate308

The Child In School309

Entering First Grade309

Influences on School Achievement310

Educating Children with Special Needs313

Children with Learning Problems313

Gifted Children317

summary and key terms318

Box 9.1 Research in Action Do Barbie Doils Affect Girls'Body Image？289

chapter 10 Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood322

The Developing Self324

Self-Concept Development：Representational Systems324

Self-Esteem324

Emotional Growth and Prosocial Behavior325

The Child in the Family326

Family Atmosphere326

Family Structure330

Sibling Relationships335

The Child in the Peer Group336

Positive and Negative Effects of Peer Relations336

Popularity337

Friendship338

Aggression and Bullying339

Mental Health343

Common Emotional Problems343

Treatment Techniques345

Stress and Resilience346

summary and key terms350

Box 10.1 Research in Action Pass the Milk：Family Mealtimes and Child Well-Being327

Box 10.2 Research in Action Talking to Children about Terrorism and War348

part 5 Adolescence352

chapter 11 Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence352

Adolescence：A Developmental Transition354

Adolescence as a Social Construction354

Adolescence：A Time of Opportunities and Risks355

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT355

Puberty355

How Puberty Begins：Hormonal Changes355

Timing,Signs,and Sequence of Puberty and Sexual Maturity357

The Adolescent Brain360

Physical and Mental Health362

Physical Activity362

Sleep Needs and Problems363

Nutrition and Eating Disorders363

Use and Abuse of Drugs367

Depression370

Death in Adolescence371

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT372

Aspects of Cognitive Maturation372

Piaget's Stage of Formal Operations372

Changes in Information Processing374

Language Development375

Moral Reasoning：Kohlberg's Theory375

An Ethic of Care：Gilligan's Theory378

Prosocial Behavior and Volunteer Activity378

Educational and Vocational Issues379

Influences on School Achievement380

Dropping Out of High School383

Preparing for Higher Education or Vocations384

summary and key terms386

Box 11.1 Window on the World The Globalization of Adolescence356

Box 11.2 Research in Action Multitasking and Gen M383

chapter 12 Psychosocial Development in Adolescence388

The Search for Identity390

Erikson：Identity versus Identity Confusion390

Marcia：Identity Status—Crisis and Commitment391

Gender Differences in Identity Formation393

Ethnic Factors in Identity Formation394

Sexuality395

Sexual Orientation and Identity396

Sexual Behavior397

Sexually Transmitted Infections(STIs)399

Teenage Pregnancy and Childbearing401

Relationships with Family,Peers,and Adult Society403

Is Adolescent Rebellion a Myth？403

Changing Time Use and Changing Relationships404

Adolescents and Parents405

Adolescents and Siblings408

Adolescents and Peers409

Antisocial Behavior and Juvenile Delinquency412

Becoming a Delinquent：Genetic and Neurological Factors412

Becoming a Delinquent：How Family,Peer,and Community Influences Interact412

Long-Term Prospects414

Preventing and Treating Delinquency415

summary and key terms417

Box 12.1 Research in Action Consequences of the Social Network411

Box 12.2 Research in Action The Youth Violence Epidemic414

part 6 Emerging and Young Adulthood418

chapter 13 Physical and Cognitive Development in Emerging and Young Adulthood418

Emerging Adulthood420

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT421

Health and Fitness421

Health Status and Health Issues421

Genetic Influences on Health422

Behavioral Influences on Health and Fitness422

Indirect Influences on Health426

Mental Health Problems429

Sexual and Reproductive Issues430

Sexual Behavior and Attitudes431

Sexually Transmitted Infections(STIs)431

Menstrual Disorders432

Infertility433

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT434

Perspectives on Adult Cognition434

Beyond Piaget：New Ways of Thinking in Adulthood434

Schaie：A Life-Span Model of Cognitive Development436

Sternberg：Insight and Know-How437

Emotional Intelligence438

Moral Reasoning439

Culture and Moral Reasoning439

Gender and Moral Reasoning441

Education and Work442

The College Transition443

Entering the World of Work445

summary and key terms448

Box 13.1 Research in Action Assisted Reproductive Technology434

Box 13.2 Research in Action Development of Faith across the Life Span440

chapter 14 Psychosocial Development in Emerging and Young Adulthood450

Emerging Adulthood：Patterns and Tasks452

Varied Paths to Adulthood452

Identity Development in Emerging Adulthood453

Developing Adult Relationships with Parents455

Personality Development：Four Views456

Normative-Stage Models457

Timing-of-Events Model458

Trait Models：Costa and McCrae's Five Factors459

Typological Models461

Foundations of Intimate Relationships462

Friendship462

Love463

Marital and Nonmarital Lifestyles464

Single Life464

Gay and Lesbian Relationships465

Cohabitation466

Marriage467

Parenthood470

Parenthood as a Developmental Experience470

How Dual-Income Families Cope472

When Marriage Ends473

Divorce473

Remarriage and Stepparenthood475

summary and key terms476

Box 14.1 Research in Action The Millennials453

Box 14.2 Research in Action Intimate Fartner Violence474

part 7 Middle Adulthood478

chapter 15 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood478

Middle Age：A Social Construct480

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT482

Physical Changes482

Sensory and Psychomotor Functioning482

The Brain at Midlife483

Structural and Systemic Changes484

Sexuality and Reproductive Functioning485

Physical and Mental Health488

Health Trends at Midlife488

Behavioral Influences on Health490

Socioeconomic Status and Health490

Race/Ethnicity and Health491

Gender and Health492

Stress in Middle Age495

Emotions and Health496

Mental Health497

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT499

Measuring Cognitive Abilities in Middle Age499

Schaie：The Seattle Longitudinal Study499

Horn and Cattell：Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence501

The Distinctiveness of Adult Cognition501

The Role of Expertise501

Integrative Thought502

Creativity503

Characteristics of Creative Achievers503

Creativity and Age503

Work and Education504

Work versus Early Retirement504

Work and Cognitive Development505

The Mature Learner505

summary and key terms506

Box 15.1Windowon the World Cultu ral Differences in Women's Experience of Menopause488

chapter 16 Psychosocial Development in Middle Adulthood508

Looking at the Life Course in Middle Age510

Change at Midlife：Theoretical Approaches511

Trait Models512

Normative-Stage Models512

Timing of Events：The Social Clock515

The Self at Midlife：Issues and Themes515

Is There a Midlife Crisis？515

Identity Development516

Psychological Well-Being and Positive Mental Health519

Relationships at Midlife522

Theories of Social Contact522

Relationships,Gender and Quality of Life523

Consensual Relationships523

Marriage523

Cohabitation524

Divorce524

Marital Status,Well-Being,and Health525

Gay and Lesbian Relationships526

Friendships527

Relationships with Maturing Children527

Adolescent Children：Issues for Parents528

When Children Leave：The Empty Nest528

Parenting Grown Children529

Prolonged Parenting：The"Cluttered Nest"529

Other Kinship Ties530

Relationships with Aging Parents530

Relationships with Siblings532

Grandparenthood532

summary and key terms535

Box 16.1 Window on the World A Society without Middle Age511

part 8 Late Adulthood538

chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood538

Old Age Today540

The Graying of the Population540

Young Old to Oldest Old541

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT542

Longevity and Aging542

Trends and Factors in Life Expectancy542

Why People Age544

How Far Can the Life Span Be Extended？547

Physical Changes549

Organic and Systemic Changes549

The Aging Brain550

Sensory and Psychomotor Functioning551

Sleep552

Sexual Functioning553

Physical and Mental Health554

Health Status554

Chronic Conditions and Disabilities554

Lifestyle Influences on Health and Longevity555

Mental and Behavioral Problems557

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT562

Aspects of Cognitive Development562

Intelligence and Processing Abilities562

Memory：How Does It Change？565

Wisdom568

summary and key terms569

Box 17.1 Research in Action Centenarians547

chapter 18 Psychosocial Development in Late Adulthood572

Theory and Research on Personality Development574

Erik Erikson：Normative Issues and Tasks575

The Five-Factor Model：Personality Traits in Old Age575

Well-Being in Late Adulthood577

Coping and Mental Health577

Models of"Successful"or"Optimal",Aging579

Practical and Social Issues Related to Aging582

Work and Retirement583

How Do Older Adults Fare Financially？585

Living Arrangements586

Personal Relationships in Late Life590

Theories of Social Contact and Social Support590

The Importance of Social Relationships591

The Multigenerational Family591

Marital Relationships592

Long-Term Marriage592

Widowhood594

Divorce and Remarriage594

Nonmarital Lifestyles and Relationships595

Single Life595

Cohabitation595

Gay and Lesbian Relationships596

Friendships596

Nonmarital Kinship Ties597

Relationships with Adult Children597

Relationships with Siblings599

Becoming Great-Grandparents599

summary and key terms600

Box 18.1 Window on the World Aging in Asia583

Box 18.2 Research in Action Mistreatment of the Elderly598

part 9 The End of Life602

chapter 19 Dealing with Death and Bereavement602

The Many,Changing Meanings of Death and Dying604

The Cultural Context604

The Mortality Revolution605

Care of the Dying605

Facing Death and Loss606

Physical and Cognitive Changes Preceding Death606

Confronting One's Own Death607

Patterns of Grieving607

Attitudes about Death and Dyingacross the Life Span610

Significant Losses612

Surviving a Spouse612

Losing a Parent in Adulthood613

Losing a Child615

Mourning a Miscarriage615

Medical,Legal,and Ethical Issues：The"Right to Die"616

Suicide616

Hastening Death618

Finding Meaning and Purpose in Life and Death623

Reviewing a Life623

Development：A Lifelong Process624

summary and key terms624

Box 19.1 Research in Action Ambiguous Loss609

Glossary627

Bibliography639

Credits729

Name Index733

Subject Index755