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Chapter 1 Introduction&Milton M.Carrow and J.D.Nyhart1

Models for Regulatory Decision Making Concerning Science and Technology2

Conclusion10

Part Ⅰ Changing Frameworks11

Chapter 2 An Overview:Two Models of Regulatory Decision Making&Jerry L.Mashaw13

A Normative Perspective:Models as Legitimating Ideals13

A Critical Perspective:Problems of Implementation and the Compromise of Ideals16

Summary21

Chapter 3 Components of an Adequate Record&William Warfield Ross23

An Adequate Record-From Whose Standpoint?24

Standards Governing Judicial Review of Agency Proceedings24

The Interaction between Court and Agency and Its Effect on the Administrative Record29

Comment&Stephen G.Breyer41

Chapter 4 Some Thoughts on Science and Scientists in the 1980s&J.William Haun47

The Scientific Method and Ethos47

Big Science and the Deterioration of the System48

Comment&Clifford Grobstein51

Part Ⅱ Five Case Studies of Special Mechanisms53

Chapter 5 OSHA's Generic Carcinogen Policy:Rule Making under Scientific and Legal Uncertainty&Thomas O.McGarity55

History of the OSHA Generic Carcinogen Policy56

Effectiveness of the GCP Effort73

Lessons for the Future82

Comment&Richard A.Merrill105

Comment&J.William Haun109

Chapter 6 The Role of the National Academy of Sciences in Public Policy and Regulatory Decision Making&Clifford Grobstein115

Nature of NAS and Its Mandate115

Organization of the Academy Complex117

The Academy Process of Study and Report118

NRC Studies and Reports as Adjuncts to Regulation122

Examining a Case History130

Concluding Remarks133

Comment&Harold P.Green135

Chapter 7 NIH's Consensus-Development Program:Theory,Process,and Critique&Charles Upton Lowe139

Statement of the Problem139

An Approach to the Problem:Diffusion Theory141

Evolution of NIH's Consensus-Development Effort145

An Evaluation148

Conclusion152

Comment:On Public Acceptance of Regulatory Decisions Involving Technology-Based Health Risks&Kenneth H.Thompson155

Chapter 8 The Role of Advisory Committees in Resolving Regulatory Issues Involving Science and Technology:Experience from OSHA and the EPA&Nicholas A.Ashford165

The Purposes of Advisory Committees166

The Legal Framework for OSHA and EPA Advisory Committees168

Analysis of the Role of Advisory Committees170

Recommendations for Improving the Effectiveness of Advisory Committees173

Comment:Channels of Communication between Various Subsets of the Public and a Regulatory Agency&Anna J.Harrison175

Chapter 9 The First FDA Public Board of Inquiry:The Aspartame Case&Vincent Brannigan181

Issue 1:Framing the Question to the PBOI182

Issue 2:Constituting the Board185

Issue 3:Limiting Evidence in the Proceeding190

Issue 4:Conducting the Hearing192

Issue 5:The Decision195

Issue 6:The Appeal to the Commissioner197

Issue 7:The Record199

Issue 8:The Commissioner's Decision200

Conclusions201

Comment&Nancy L.Buc203

Comment&Harold M.Peck207

Part Ⅲ Working Together:Lawyers,Scientists,Judges,Engineers211

Chapter 10 The Cognitive Style of Lawyers and Scientists&Peter G.W.Keen213

Decision-Making Methods and Assumptions:Judges and Managers215

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator219

Cognitive Style and Occupational Specialization223

Mutual Understanding228

Lawyers and Scientists230

Implications for Cognitive Style for the Use of Scientific Expertise236

Appendix 10A239

Comment&Milton R.Wessel245

Part Ⅳ Learnings:A Summary253

Chapter 11 Toward Better Resolution of Regulatory Issues Involving Science and Technology&J.D.Nyhart and Milton M.Carrow255

Science as a Special Case255

Mechanisms for Infusing Science into the Regulatory Process257

Changing Frameworks for Science in Regulatory Decisions268

A Model of Law and Science Collaboration in Resolving Regulatory Disputes Involving Science and Technology273

Conclusion:Practical Applications of the Model294

Index297

About the Contributors303

About the Editors306