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Introduction1

PART ONE Why Constitutional Identity and for Whom？15

1 The Constitutional Subject: Singular， Plural or Universal？17

1.1 Who Is the Constitutional Subject？18

1.2 Constitutional Identity and the Dynamic Between Sameness and Selfhood27

2 The Constitutional Subject and the Clash of Self and Other: On The Uses Of Negation， Metaphor and Metonymy37

2.1 The Constitutional Self and the Clash Between Self and Other38

2.2 Construction， Deconstruction and Reconstruction of Constitutional Identity41

2.3 The Constructive Tools of Constitutional Discourse:Negation， Metaphor and Metonymy45

2.3.1 Negation46

2.3.2 Metaphor51

2.3.3 Metonymy53

2.4 Constitutional Discourse as Interplay Between Negation， Metaphor and Metonymy58

2.5 The Constitutional Subject and the Potential Reconciliation of the Singular， the Plural and the Universal65

PART TWO Producing Constitutional Identity71

3 Reinventing Tradition Through Constitutional Interpretation: The Case of Unenumerated Rights in the United States73

3.1 Building and Differentiating Constitutional Identity73

3.2 Setting American Unenumerated Rights Against Tradition75

3.3 The Metaphoric and Metonymic Dimensions of Tradition78

3.4 Reinventing Tradition Through Overdetermination:From the Sanctity of Marriage to the Dignity of Homosexual Sex81

3.4.1 Griswold and the Metonymic Path from Marriage to Contraception82

3.4.2 The Lockean Gloss on Griswold90

3.4.3 Eisenstadt and Molding the Tradition to Encompass Non-Marital Heterosexual Sex96

3.4.4 Roe and the Challenge of Fitting Abortion within the Reinvented Tradition99

3.4.5 The Reinvented Tradition’s Contradictory Approaches to Homosexual Sex104

3.4.5（i） Bowers: Drawing the Line at Homosexual Sodomy105

3.4.5（ii） Lawrence’s Encompassing of Homosexual Sex within the Reinvented Tradition110

3.5 The Reinvented Tradition and the Clash Between Liberalism and Illiberalism116

3.6 The Reinvented Tradition and Reliance on Foreign Legal Authorities119

3.7 Concluding Remark: Overdetermination and Blending Tradition and Counter-tradition123

4 Recasting and Reorienting Identity Through Constitution-Making: The Pivotal Case of Spain’s 1978 Constitution127

4.1 Constitution-making in Context128

4.2 The Place of Violence in Constitution Making132

4.3 The Extraordinary Case of Spain’s Peacefully Pacted Constitution134

4.3.1 The King as Repository of National and Constitutional Unity142

PART THREE Constitutional Identity as Bridge between Self and Other:Binding Together Citizenship， History and Society147

5 Constitutional Models: Shaping， Nurturing and Guiding the Constitutional Subject149

5.1 The German Constitutional Model152

5.2 The French Constitutional Model156

5.3 The American Constitutional Model158

5.4 The British Constitutional Model163

5.5 The Spanish Model169

5.6 The European Transnational Constitutional Model172

5.7 The Post-Colonial Constitutional Model179

6 Models Of Constitution Making185

6.1 The Revolution-Based Model188

6.2 The Invisible British Model191

6.3 The War-Based Model194

6.4 The Pacted Transition Model197

6.5 The Transnational Model201

6.6 The Internationally Grounded Model206

6.7 Constitutional Amendment， Revision and Reform209

7 The Constitutional Subject and Clashing Visions of Citizenship: Can We Be Beyond What We are Not？211

7.1 The Theoretical Foundations of Modern Citizenship: Universal Equality within a Particular Nation213

7.1.1 Historical Nexus Between Equal Citizenship and the Nation-State215

7.1.2 Social Contract Theory and Modern Equal Citizenship217

7.2 The Functional Dimension of Citizenship221

7.3 The Identitarian Dimension of Citizenship and the Evolution from the Mono-Ethnic to the Multi-Ethnic Polity223

7.3.1 The Feminist Case for Differentiated Citizenship225

7.3.2 National Minorities and the Problematization of Differentiated Citizenship227

7.4 Global Migration and the Decoupling of the Functional and the Identitarian Dimensions of Citizenship233

7.5 Transnational Citizenship and Recasting the Dynamic between Function and Identity235

7.5.1 The Case of EU Citizenship236

7.5.2 The Changing Dynamic between EU and Member-State Citizenship239

7.5.3 Transnational Citizenship Beyond the EU？241

8 Can The Constitutional Subject Go Global？ Imagining a Convergence of the Universal， the Particular and the Singular243

8.1 Constitutional Reordering in an Era of Globalization and Privatization245

8.2 The Nexus between Human Rights and Constitutional Rights251

8.3 Constitutional Patriotism as Transnational Constitutional Identity？258

8.3.1 Constitutional Patriotism in Historical Perspective259

8.3.2 Constitutional Patriotism in a Layered and a Segmented Transnational Legal Order？261

8.4 Concluding Remarks: Reaching for the Transnational Constitutional Subject by Reconciling the Universal and the Singular Through the Plural269

Notes281

Bibliography309

Index319