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INTRODUCTION3

1.Introduction3

1-Historical Development3

2-The Freedoms of the Air8

A.The Five Freedoms9

B.The"Sixth Freedom"13

C.The"Seventh and Eighth Freedoms"16

D.Capacity17

E.Tariffs17

3-"Order in the Air"18

4-Results of the Chicago Conference,194424

PART ONE THE INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK31

2.ICAO:Membership and Organisation31

1-Membership31

A.Admission31

B.Readmission32

C.Suspension33

Ⅰ.Suspension of Voting Power33

Ⅱ.Suspension of Services34

Ⅲ.Suspension of Rights and Privileges34

D.Expulsion34

E.Withdrawal37

2-Organisation37

A.Permanent Seat37

B.Legal Capacity,Immunities and Privileges37

C.Organs and Powers42

I.The Assembly42

Ⅱ.The Council45

Composition45

President and Vice-Presidents46

Voting46

Administrative Powers47

Legislative Powers48

Supervisory Powers48

Judicial Powers52

Research and Planning52

Ⅲ.The Air Navigation Commission53

Ⅳ.The Air Transport Committee53

Ⅴ.The Committee on Joint Support of Air Navigation Services54

Ⅵ.The Legal Committee54

Ⅶ.The Finance Committee55

Ⅷ.The Secretariat55

D.The European Civil Aviation Conference56

3.Functions of the ICAO63

1-Aims and Objectives63

2-Quasi-Legislative and Pre-Legislative Functions63

A.Quasi-Legislative Functions63

Ⅰ.Adoption of,Departure from,and Disapproval of Annexes64

Ⅱ.Adoption of,Departure from,and Disapproval of Amendments65

Ⅲ.Scope of Annexes67

Ⅳ.Standards and Recommended Practices68

Ⅴ.PANS and SUPPS70

B.Pre-Legislative Functions72

3-Administrative Functions:Financial and Technical Assistance in the Provision of Air Navigation Facilities76

A.The Principle of Consent78

Ⅰ.Consent of the ICAO78

1.Acceptance of Responsibilities by the ICAO78

2.Agreement between the ICAO and the Assisted State79

3.Agreement among the States Concerned80

Ⅱ.Consent of the State Assisted83

Ⅲ.Consent of Contributing States84

1.Parties to Joint Financing Schemes85

2.Non-Parties to Joint Financing Schemes90

Charges90

Accession or Separate Contributions92

B.The Role of the ICAO94

4-Quasi-Judicial and Judicial Functions99

A.Investigation of Obstacles to International Air Navigation99

B.Consideration of Matters Relating to the Convention99

C.Report of Infractions of the Convention100

D.Settlement of Disputes Regarding the Convention100

E.Disputes Arising from Other Air Transport Agreements104

4.ICAO:Rights and Duties of Members under the Chicago Convention,1944106

1-Scope of the Chicago Convention,1944106

A.Personal Scope106

B.Geographical Scope109

C.Material and Functional Scope110

D.Temporal Scope118

2-Principles and Standards of the Chicago Convention,1944119

A.Airspace Sovereignty120

Ⅰ.Principle120

Ⅱ.Application122

Ⅲ.Privileges Exchanged123

B.Nationality of Aircraft128

C.Conditions to be Fulfilled with Respect to Aircraft or by their Operators132

Ⅰ.Restrictions with Respect to Instruments of Flight133

Ⅱ.Restrictions with Respect to the Right to Fly133

1.Restrictions Based on the Type of Operation133

2.Restrictions of a Geographical Character134

Ⅲ.Entry and Departure of Aircraft135

Ⅳ.Marks,Documents,Certificates and Licences137

Ⅴ.Observance of Aeronautical Regulations139

Ⅵ.Arrangements Consistent with the Convention141

Ⅶ.Sanctions and Penalties143

D.International Co-operation and Facilitation145

I.Standardisation150

Ⅱ.Infrastructure156

Ⅲ.Facilitation165

PART TWO DISTINCTION BETWEEN SCHEDULED AND NON-SCHEDULED INTERNATIONAL AIR SERVICES AND THE LAW OF NON-SCHEDULED INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT173

5.Distinction between Scheduled and Non-Scheduled International Air Services173

6.The Law of Non-Scheduled International Air Transport193

1-Article 5 of the Chicago Convention,1944193

A.Aircraft Not Engaged in the Carriage of Passengers,Cargo or Mail for Remuneration or Hire193

B.Aircraft Engaged in the Carriage of Passengers,Cargo or Mail for Remuneration or Hire196

Ⅰ.Non-Revenue Traffic196

Ⅱ.Revenue Traffic196

2-Bilateral Agreements199

A.Scope199

B.The Rights Granted200

Ⅰ.Transit and Non-Revenue Traffic Rights200

Ⅱ.Revenue Traffic Rights200

1.Flights Not Over Scheduled Air Services Routes200

2.Flights Over Scheduled Air Services Routes200

(1) Single Flights201

(2) Taxi Flights201

(3) Charter Flights201

3.Fifth-Freedom Traffic201

4.Cabotage201

Ⅲ.Ancillary Rights202

C.Regulatory Measures202

Ⅰ.Competition with Scheduled Services202

Ⅱ.Substantial Ownership203

1.Nationality of the Aircraft203

2.Nationality of the Owner and Operator203

Owner203

Operator204

Ⅲ.Compliance with the Agreement204

Ⅳ.Consultation204

D.Entry into Force and Denunciation204

Ⅰ.Entry into Force204

Ⅱ.Denunciation205

3-The Multilateral Paris Agreement of April 30,1956205

A.Scope206

Ⅰ.Personal Scope(Ratione Personae)206

Ⅱ.Material Scope {Ratione Materiae)209

Ⅲ.Instrumental Scope {Ratione Instrument?)212

Ⅳ.Geographical Scope(Ratione Loci)213

B.The Rights Granted214

I.Transit and Non-Revenue Traffic Rights214

Ⅱ.Revenue Traffic Rights215

1.Complete Waiver of"Regulations,Conditions or Limitations"215

(1)Emergency or Humanitarian Flights215

(2)Single Flights215

(3)Taxi Flights215

(4)Charter Flights219

2.Conditional Waiver of" Regulations,Conditions or Limitations"219

3.Restrictions on" Regulations,Conditions or Limitations"220

C.Compliance with the Chicago Convention,1944,the Agreement and Arbitral Awards221

D.Settlement of Disputes222

E.Entry into Force,Amendment and Denunciation223

Ⅰ.Entry into Force223

1.Signature and Ratification224

2.Adherence224

Ⅱ.Amendment224

Ⅲ.Denunciation225

PART THREE THE LAW OF SCHEDULED INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT229

7.Multilateralism,Bilateralism and Inter-Airline Co-OPERATION229

1-The Elusive" Multilateral"229

2-Bilateralism Triumphant231

A.Informal Arrangements231

B.The Chicago Standard Form233

C.United Kingdom Practice235

D."Pre-Bermuda,"" Para-Bermuda" and the" Transitional Period"238

E."Post-Bermuda" Agreements239

F.The Strasbourg Standard Clauses241

3-Inter-Airline Co-operation246

A.The International Air Transport Association246

B.Joint Ownership and Pooled Services252

Ⅰ.Subsidiaries and Associates253

Ⅱ.Commonwealth Partnership266

Ⅲ.Consortia271

Ⅳ.Pooling278

C.Other Co-operative Arrangements286

8.Scheduled International Air Services:The Grant of Rights289

1-Reciprocity289

2-The Operating Permission290

3-Transit Rights291

4-Traffic Rights303

5-Cabotage314

6-Ancillary Rights327

A.Non-Discriminatory Application of National Air Regulations328

B.Use of Airports and Other Facilities329

C.Airport and Similar Charges331

D.Customs Duties and Transient Aircraft334

E.Supplies Introduced into or Taken on Board in the Territory of the other Contracting State336

F.Certificates of Airworthiness and Personnel Licences342

G.Facilitation345

H.Distress,Emergency Landing or other Accidents349

J.Export of Surplus Earnings351

K.Commercial Operations355

7-Conventional Standards of International Economic Law356

9.Scheduled International Air Services:Regulatory Measures359

1-Inauguration of Services359

A.Designation of Airlines359

B.The Operating Permission361

Ⅰ.The Requirement of Operating Permissions361

Ⅱ.United Kingdom and United States Practice363

Ⅲ.Requisite Qualifications373

Ⅳ.Substantial National Ownership375

C.Tariffs380

2-Compliance with Local Laws,the Agreement and Arbitral Awards381

3-Route Fixing387

A.Control of the Parties over the Specified Routes387

B.Route Structure392

C.The Point of Departure397

D.Pattern of Air Services399

Ⅰ.Terminating Services399

Ⅱ.Terminating Services with Intermediate Points399

Ⅲ.Through Services400

Ⅳ.Preternational Services402

Ⅴ.Extranational Services403

E.Traffic Streams403

Ⅰ.Total-Route Traffic404

Ⅱ.Inter-Partes Traffic404

Ⅲ.National Traffic404

1.Inter-Partes Traffic404

2.Anterior-Point National Third-Country Traffic404

3.Intermediate-Point National Third-Country Traffic404

4.Beyond-Point National Third-Country Traffic404

Ⅳ.Grantor's Traffic404

Ⅴ.Third-Country Traffic405

1.National Third-Country Traffic405

2.Extra-Partes Third-Country Traffic406

3.Fifth-Freedom Third-Country Traffic407

F.Advantage as a Regulatory Measure410

4-Regulation of Capacity411

A.Governing Principles412

Ⅰ.Basic Principle412

Ⅱ.Reasonable Load Factor412

Ⅲ.Primary and Supplementary Capacity Criteria415

Ⅳ.Total-Route Traffic416

Ⅴ.Inter-Partes Traffic417

Ⅵ.National Traffic419

B.Allocation of Capacity and Control422

Ⅰ.International Agency and a Mathematical Formula422

Ⅱ.Predetermination by Agreement between the Governments or the Airlines424

1.Predetermination424

2.Division of Capacity424

3.Traffic Criteria425

4.Predetermination by Agreement between the Airlines425

5.Post-Bermuda Applications426

Ⅲ."Fair and Equal Opportunity" and" Ex Post Facto Review"429

Ⅳ.Predetermination Through a Back Door433

5-Change of Gauge434

A.Economy of Operation435

B.Size of Aircraft435

C."One Service" Clause436

D.Adequate Through Traffic437

E.Capacity Regulation438

F.Fill-Up Traffic438

G.Scope of Application439

H.Publicity440

J."One Plane" Clause441

6-Tariffs441

A.Scope of Regulation441

B.Governing Principles445

C.Procedure445

Ⅰ.Agreement and Consultation between Airlines446

Ⅱ.Time Limits448

Ⅲ.Disagreement or Disapproval449

10.Scheduled International Air Services:Settlement of Disputes454

1-The Two Freedoms and Five Freedoms Agreements454

2-Bilateral Agreements456

A.Negotiation456

B.Failing an Arbitral Tribunal the ICAO Council456

C.Arbitration457

D.Advisory Reports or Arbitration458

E.The Constitution of Arbitral Tribunals459

F.The ICAO Council as a Judicial Organ460

G.The International Court of Justice461

H.Procedure,Interim Measures and Expenses463

J.Compliance with Awards464

11.The Conclusion,Modification,Suspension and Termination of Air Services Agreements465

1-The Conclusion of Air Services Agreements465

A.Form465

B.Entry into Force468

C.Registration of Treaties471

2-Conformity with Multilateral Agreements473

3-Modification of Air Services Agreements475

4-Suspension of Air Services Agreements479

5-Termination of Air Services Agreements485

CONCLUSION491

12.Conclusion491

APPENDICES499

A.Final Act of the International Civil Aviation Conference,Chicago,December 7,1944,and Documents appended thereto:499

Ⅰ.Interim Agreement on International Civil Aviation [omitted]508

Ⅱ.Convention on International Civil Aviation508

Ⅲ.International Air Services Transit Agreement536

Ⅳ.International Air Transport Agreement539

Ⅴ.Drafts of Technical Annexes [omitted]543

B.Protocols Amending the Convention on International Civil Aviation,Chicago,December 7,1944:544

Ⅰ.Protocol,Montreal,May 27,1947 [Article 93 bis]544

Ⅱ.Protocol,Montreal,June 14,1954 [Article 45]546

Ⅲ.Protocol,Montreal,June 14,1954 [Articles 48,49,61]547

C.Multilateral Agreement on Commercial Rights of Non-Scheduled Air Services in Europe,Paris,April 30,1956549

D.Final Act of the Civil Aviation Conference between the United Kingdom and the United States of America,Bermuda,February 11,1946,and amendments554

E.Air Services Agreement between the United Kingdom and Chile,Santiago,September 16,1947574

F.Air Services Agreement between the United Kingdom and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,London,December 19,1957,and amendments581

G.Air Services Agreement between the United Kingdom and Ghana,London,September 24,1958592

H.Status of Multilateral International Civil Aviation Agreements602

J.United Kingdom Bilateral Air Transport Agreements610

Ⅰ.Chronological List610

Ⅱ.Alphabetical List618

K.International Non-Scheduled Flights by United Kingdom and Colonial Registered Aircraft to Foreign and Commonwealth Countries630

Bibliography635

Index671