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1．Some Pointers to the Linguistics of Legal English1

1．Introduction:Legal English and the rise of English for professional purposes1

2．The aims of the book3

3．The leading features of legal English4

4．'Legalese'and'The Plain English Campaign'14

5．The classification of legal vocabulary16

6．Some leading features of the morphology and syntax of legal English18

2．Equivalence and Interpretation23

1．The question of equivalence in translation studies23

2．Judges and translators.Interpretation and construction.The elusiveness of meaning.24

3．Lexical vagueness(Ⅰ).Definition,extension and intension30

4．Lexical vagueness(Ⅱ).Denotation and connotation;register32

5．Lexical vagueness(Ⅲ).Polysemy and the important of context35

6．Lexical vagueness(Ⅳ).Homonymy37

7．Vagueness in legal lexical units(Ⅴ).Synonyms,hyperonyms and hyponyms38

8．Vagueness in legal lexical units(Ⅵ).Antonyms40

9．Vagueness in legal lexical units(Ⅶ).False cognates or'false friends'41

10．Figurative language:metaphors and buried metaphors43

11．Syntactic ambiguity44

3．Some Pointers to the English Legal System47

1．Introduction.The translator and the legal background47

2．The translator and the sources of English law48

(a)Common Law49

(b)Equity50

(c)Statute law52

3．The branches of English law.Jurisdiction and the court structure52

4．The English Criminal Courts58

5．The vocabulary of litigation59

6．Common terms in litigations63

7．The language of judges66

8．The terms used in favourable judicial decisions67

9．The terms used in unfavourable judicial decisions71

4．Civil and Criminal Proceedings.Administrative Tribunals77

1．Introduction77

2．Civil proceedings77

2.1 The new'Civil procedure rules'79

2.2 The overriding objective80

2.3 Unification of procedure82

2.4 Allocation to track84

3．Right of action,cause of action.Some basic terms86

4．Criminal proceedings89

4.1 Arrest and charge90

4.2 Types of offences91

4.3 The trial93

5．Administrative,Industrial and Domestic Tribunals95

5．Genres in the translation of legal English(Ⅰ)101

1．Introduction.Legal genres in translation101

2．The macrostructure of legal genres:university degrees and diplomas103

3．Certificates104

4．Statutes105

5．Law reports108

6．Judgements112

7．Oral genres(Ⅰ).The examination of witnesses at the public hearing116

8．Oral genres(Ⅱ).Counsels'closing speeches to the jury[jury summation].Judge's summing-up and charge to the jury119

6．Genres in the translation of legal English(Ⅱ)125

1．Contracts126

2．Deeds and indentures133

3．Insurance policies136

4．Last will and testament139

5．The power of attorney144

6．The professional article146

7．Legal English in popular fiction149

7．Practical Problems in Translation Explained(Ⅰ)153

1．Translation as problem-solving153

2．Legal vocabulary(Ⅰ).The translation of purely technical vocabulary154

2.1 Problems in the translation of one-word purely technical terms154

2.2 Problems in the translation of multiple-word purely technical terms157

3．Legal vocabulary(Ⅱ).The translation of semi-technical vocabulary158

4．Legal vocabulary(Ⅲ)Problems in the translation of everyday vocabulary in legal English162

5．The translation of functional vocabulary in legal English165

6．Lexical resources in translation(Ⅰ).The collocations of legal English167

7．Lexical resources in translation(Ⅱ).The semantic fields of legal English170

8．Lexical traps for the translator:false cognates and unconscious calques173

8．Practical Problems in Translation Explained(Ⅱ)178

1．The translator at the crossroads:techniques of legal translation178

2．Transposition181

3．Expansion183

4．Modulation185

5．Modifiers186

The complex noun phrase186

Verb phrase modifiers.Adverbs187

6．The syntax of legal English.Double conjunctions188

7．Thematization.Syntactic peculiarities of individual languages190

8．Textual coherence.Lexical repetition in English legal discourse.Synonyms192

References195

Index197