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PART ONE ■ OVERVIEW3

Chapter1 Introduction3

1．1 What Is an Operating System?3

1．2 Batch Systems6

1．3 Time-Sharing Systems8

1．4 Personal-Computer Systems10

1．5 Parallel Systems11

1．6 Real-Time Systems14

1．7 Distributed Systems15

1．8 Summary16

Exercises17

Bibliographical Notes18

Chapter2 Computer-System Structures19

2．1 Computer-System Operation19

2．2 I/O Structure22

2．3 Storage Structure26

2．4 Storage Hierarchy30

2．5 Hardware Protection33

2．6 General System Architecture39

2．7 Summary40

Exercises41

Bibliographical Notes43

Chapter3 Operating-System Structures45

3．1 System Components45

3．2 Operating-System Services51

3．3 System Calls53

3．4 System Programs62

3．5 System Structure64

3．6 Virtual Machines70

3．7 Java74

3．8 System Design and Implementation77

3．9 System Generation80

3．10 Summary81

Exercises82

Bibliographical Notes84

PART TWO ■ PROCESS MANAGEMENT87

Chapter4 Processes87

4．1 Process Concept87

4．2 Process Scheduling91

4．3 Operations on Processes95

4．4 Cooperating Processes99

4．5 Interprocess Communication101

4．6 Summary112

Exercises113

Bibliographical Notes114

Chapter5 Threads115

5．1 Overview115

5．2 Benefits116

5．3 User and Kernel Threads117

5．4 Multithreading Models118

5．5 Solaris 2 Threads120

5．6 Java Threads122

5．7 Summary130

Exercises132

Bibliographical Notes133

Chapter6 CPU Scheduling135

6．1 Basic Concepts135

6．2 Scheduling Criteria139

6．3 Scheduling Algorithms141

6．4 Multiple-Processor Scheduling153

6．5 Real-Time Scheduling153

6．6 Thread Scheduling156

6．7 Java Thread Scheduling158

6．8 Algorithm Evaluation162

6．9 Summary167

Exercises168

Bibliographical Notes171

Chapter7 Process Synchronization173

7．1 Background173

7．2 Critical-Section Problem175

7．3 Two-Tasks Solutions177

7．4 Synchronization Hardware181

7．5 Semaphores184

7．6 Classical Synchronization Problems191

7．7 Monitors199

7．8 Java Synchronization205

7．9 OSSynchronization220

7．10 Summary222

Exercises222

Bibliographical Notes225

8．1 System Model227

Chapter8 Deadlocks227

8．2 Deadlock Characterization229

8．3 Methods for Handling Deadlocks233

8．4 Deadlock Prevention237

8．5 Deadlock Avoidance241

8．6 Deadlock Detection244

8．7 Recovery from Deadlock245

8．8 Summary247

Exercises248

Bibliographical Notes250

PART THREE ■ STORAGE MANAGEMENT255

Chapter9 Memory Management255

9．1 Background255

9．2 Swapping262

9．3 Contiguous Memory Allocation265

9．4 Paging269

9．5 Segmentation284

9．6 Segmentation with Paging290

9．7 Summary292

Exercises294

Bibliographical Notes296

Chapter10 Virtual Memory297

10．1 Background297

10．2 Demand Paging299

10．3 Page Replacement308

10．4 Allocation of Frames321

10．5 Thrashing325

10．6 Operating-System Examples330

10．7 Other Considerations331

10．8 Summary338

Exercises339

Bibliographical Notes344

11．1 File Concept345

Chapter11 File Systems345

11．2 Access Methods355

11．3 Directory Structure357

11．4 Protection368

11．5 File System Structure372

11．6 Allocation Methods377

11．7 Free-Space Management386

11．8 Directory Implementation388

11．9 Efficiency and Performance390

11．10 Recovery392

11．11 Summary394

Exercises396

Bibliographical Notes399

Chapter12 I/O Systems401

12．1 Overview401

12．2 I/O Hardware402

12．3 Application I/O Interface412

12．4 Kernel I/O Subsystem418

12．5 I/O Requests Handling424

12．6 Performance427

12．7 Summary431

Exercises431

Bibliographical Notes433

Chapter13 Mass-Storage Structure435

13．1 Disk Structure435

13．2 Disk Scheduling436

13．3 Disk Management442

13．4 Swap-Space Management446

13．5 Disk Reliability448

13．6 Stable-Storage Implementation450

13．7 Tertiary-Storage Structure451

13．8 Summary456

Exercises458

Bibliographical Notes464

PART FOUR ■ DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS469

Chapter14 Network Structures469

14．1 Background469

14．2 Network Types477

14．3 Communication480

14．4 Communication Protocols487

14．5 Robustness490

14．6 Design Issues493

14．7 Networking Example495

14．8 Summary497

Exercises498

Bibliographical Notes500

Chapter15 Distributed Communication501

15．1 Sockets501

15．2 Remote Procedure Calls506

15．3 Remote Method Invocation507

15．4 CORBA515

15．5 Object Registration516

15．6 Summary517

Exercises518

Bibliographical Notes519

Chapter16 Distributed Coordination521

16．1 Event Ordering521

16．2 Mutual Exclusion524

16．3 Deadlock Handling527

16．4 Election Algorithms535

16．5 Summary538

Exercises538

Bibliographical Notes539

Chapter17 Distributed File Systems541

17．1 Background541

17．2 Naming and Transparency543

17．3 Remote File Access547

17．4 Stateful Versus Stateless Service551

17．5 File Replication553

17．6 Example System：NFS554

17．7 Summary561

Exercises562

Bibliographical Notes563

PART FIVE ■ PROTECTION AND SECURITY567

Chapter18 Protection567

18．1 Goals of Protection567

18．2 Domain of Protection569

18．3 Access Matrix574

18．4 Implementation of Access Matrix578

18．5 Revocation of Access Rights582

18．6 Language-Based Protection584

18．7 Summary587

Exercises588

Bibliographical Notes589

19．1 The Security Problem591

Chapter19 Security591

19．2 Authentication593

19．3 Program Threats597

19．4 System Threats598

19．5 Threat Monitoring603

19．6 Encryption605

19．7 Computer-Security Classifications607

19．8 An Example Security Model：Windows NT609

19．9 Java Security611

19．10 Summary615

Exercises615

Bibliographical Notes616

Chapter20 The UNIX System621

20．1 History621

PART SIX ■ CASE STUDIES621

20．2 Design Principles623

20．3 Programmer Interface626

20．4 User Interface634

20．5 Process Management638

20．6 Memory Management642

20．7 File System646

20．8 I/O System654

20．9 Interprocess Communication658

20．10 Summary664

Exercises665

Bibliographical Notes666

Chapter21 The Linux System669

21．1 History669

21．2 Design Principles674

21．3 Kernel Modules677

21．4 Process Management681

21．5 Scheduling685

21．6 Memory Management690

21．7 File Systems698

21．8 Input and Output703

21．9 Interprocess Communication706

21．10 Network Structure708

21．11 Security711

21．12 Summary713

Exercises714

Bibliographical Notes715

Chapter22 Windows NT717

22．1 History717

22．2 Design Principles718

22．3 System Components719

22．4 Executive725

22．5 Environmental Subsystems735

22．6 File System738

22．7 Networking745

22．8 Programmer Interface751

22．9 Summary758

Exercises759

Bibliographical Notes759

Appendix A Java Primer761

A．1 Basics761

A．2 Exception Handling770

A．3 Inheritance772

A．4 Interfaces and Abstract Classes775

A．5 Applications and Applets779

A．6 Summary781

Bibliographical Notes781

Bibliography783

Credits807

Index809