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CONTENTS3

PART ONE THE SENTENCE3

Ⅰ．Words,Phrases,Sentences3

Classes of Words3

The Sentence:the Sub iect and the Predicate5

Phrases6

Clauses9

Amorphous Sentences10

Ⅱ．Subject,Verb,Object12

The Subject12

What can be a Subject?12

Omission of the Subiect13

The Predicate Verb14

Omission and Substitution of the Verb15

Word-Order:Inversion17

The Object:Transitive and Intransitive Verbs20

What can be an Object?21

Word-Order23

The Direct and the Indirect Object24

Ⅲ．Complements,Subjective and Objective27

The Subjective Complement27

Complements after Verbs Other than Be,etc30

Word-Order31

Omission and Substitution of the Complement31

Unconnected Complements32

The Objective Complement33

Nominal and Adjectival Objective Complements34

Infinitives36

Verbal Objective Complements36

Participles37

After Prepositional Objects38

Word-Order39

Ⅳ．Passive41

When to Use the Passive?41

The Converted Subject and the Retained Object43

Passive Group-Verbs44

Complements45

Ⅴ．Uses of the Sentence48

Affirmation48

Negation49

Position of Not51

No and Not52

Emphatic Negation54

Double Negation55

Semi-Negatives56

Interrogation57

General Questions57

Alternative Questions59

Confirmative Questions59

Special Questions61

Who,Whom,Whose62

What,Which63

Where,When,How,Why64

Interrogative Words with Prepositions65

Interrogative Words Intensified66

Exclamations67

Commands,Requests,Suggestions68

Ⅵ．Adiective Modifiers72

Modifiers of Nouns72

Appositives75

Modifiers of Pronouns77

Adjective Clauses78

Restrictive and Non-Restrictive78

Who,Whom,Whose,Which79

Where,When,Why81

That82

As84

No Relative Word84

Position of the Preposition85

Adverbials of Degree88

Ⅶ．Adverbial Mod ifiers88

Modifiers of Adjectives and Adverbs88

Adverbials of Measure91

Adverbials of Aspect and Direction91

Modifiers of Verbs and Sentences93

Adverbials of Time94

Lists of Adverbials of Time96

Adverbials of Duration99

Adverbials of Frequency100

Adverbials of Place and Movement103

Adverbials of Distance104

Adverbials of Manner105

Adverbials of Comparison and Proportion107

Adverbials of Cause and Reason108

Adverbials of Purpose110

Adverbials of Result111

Adverbials of Condition and Supposition112

Adverbials of Concession and Indifference113

Adverbials of Degree and Measure115

Adverbials of Judgement and Opinion116

Modifiers of Phrases and Clauses118

Ⅷ．Adverbial Modifiers(Clauses)120

Clauses of Time120

Clauses of Duration121

Clauses of Frequency122

Clauses of Distance123

Clauses of Manner123

Clauses of Place and Movement123

Clauses of Comparison(Equality)124

Clauses of Comparison(Superiority)127

Clauses of Proportion129

Clauses of Cause and Reason130

Clauses of Purpose131

Clauses of Result131

Clauses of Condition and Supposition132

Clauses of Concession135

Clauses of Indifference136

Ⅸ．Noun Clauses139

Content Clauses139

Interrogative Clauses142

Relative Clauses145

Co-ordination148

Ⅹ．Sentence Structure:A Summing Up148

Subordination150

Simple,Compound and Complex Sentences151

A Summary of the Parts of the Sentence158

PART Two THE PARTS OF SPEECH163

Ⅺ．Nouns163

Classes163

Names of Places165

Nationality,etc166

Singular and Plural167

Countables and Uncountables169

Collectives170

The Genitive171

Classes173

Ⅻ．Pronouns173

Personal Pronouns174

The Possessive Forms175

Reflexive and Reciprocal176

The Generic Person:One177

The Impersonal It178

Demonstrative Pronouns:This and That179

So181

The Articles:A(An),The182

Indefinite Pronouns186

One186

Some,Any189

Ever,At All191

All,Every,Each193

No,None198

Both,Either,Neither199

The Same,Other,Such200

Quantifiers and Numerals204

Pronominal Quantifiers204

Quantifying Nouns209

Group 1:General209

Group 2:Weights,Measures210

Group 3:Containers211

Group 4:Shape-Words211

Group 5:Collectives212

Cardinal Numbers212

Ordinal Numbers214

Adjectives Proper and Participial Adjectives216

ⅩⅢ．Adjectives216

Uses of Adiectives218

Position of Adjectives220

Comparison of Adjectives:Two Ways221

ⅩⅣ．Verbs226

A．General226

Auxiliary and Defective Verbs228

Group-Auxiliaries233

Inflexion of the Verb233

Five Fundamental Forms234

Regular Conjugation235

Irregular Conjugation238

Subject-Verb Agreement242

B．Tenses243

Passive Tenses244

Table of the 26 Tenses245

Uses of the Tenses246

The Present Tenses246

The Past Tenses251

The Future Tenses255

The Past Future Tenses260

Further Remarks on the Tenses263

The Present Perfect and the Simple Past263

Progressive Tenses267

Future Time270

The Habitual Present and the Habitual Past273

Imaginative Use of Tenses274

The Subjunctive Mood281

Collocated with Auxiliaries and Other Verbs283

C．Verbals283

The Infinitive283

Collocated with Verb+Object285

Collocated with Passive Verbs286

Introduced by Preparatory It and There287

Collocated with Adjectives288

Collocated with Nouns290

Collocated with Relatives290

Elliptical and Parenthetical291

As Adverbial of Purpose,etc291

As Subject and Subjective Complement291

The Passive Infinitive292

The Perfect Infinitive293

The Infinitive Not Repeated294

The Ing-form296

The Verbal Noun296

The Gerund297

Gerund or Participle?299

The Passive Gerund301

The Perfect Gerund301

The Participle302

The Present Participle302

The Past Participle304

The Perfect Participle305

ⅩⅤ．Adverbs308

Formation of Adverbs308

Preposition-like Adverbs310

Position of Adverbs312

Comparison of Adverbs315

ⅩⅥ．Prepositions and Conjunctions318

Prepositions318

Some Prepositions320

At320

By321

For322

In,Into322

Of323

On,Upon324

To325

Position of the Preposition326

Conjunctions326