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1 Introduction1

1.1 Background1

1.2 Suffactant Solution4

1.2.1 Anionic Suffactant6

1.2.2 Cationic Surfactant6

1.2.3 Nonionic Surfactant7

1.2.4 Amphoteric Surfactant7

1.2.5 Zwitterionic Surfactant7

1.3 Mechanism and Theory of Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives8

1.3.1 Explanations of the Turbulent DR Mechanism from the Viewpoint of Microstructures8

1.3.2 Explanations of the Turbulent DR Mechanism from the Viewpoint of the Physics of Turbulence10

1.4 Application Techniques of Drag Reduction by Suffactant Additives14

1.4.1 Heat Transfer Reduction of Surfactant Drag-reducing Flow15

1.4.2 Diameter Effect of Surfactant Drag-reducing Flow15

1.4.3 Toxic Effect of Catiomc Surfactant Solution15

1.4.4 Chemical Stability of Surfactant Solution15

1.4.5 Corrosion of Surfactant Solution16

References16

2 Drag Reduction and Heat Transfer Reduction Characteristics of Drag-Reducing Surfactant Solution Flow19

2.1 Fundamental Concepts of Turbulent Drag Reduction19

2.2 Characteristics of Drag Reduction by Suffactant Additives and Its Influencing Factors22

2.2.1 Characteristics of Drag Reduction by Suffactant Additives23

2.2.2 Influencing Factors of Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives27

2.3 The Diameter Effect of Surfactant Drag-reducing Flow and Scale-up Methods31

2.3.1 The Diameter Effect and Its Influence31

2.3.2 Scale-up Methods32

2.3.3 Evaluation of Different Scale-up Methods43

2.4 Heat Transfer Characteristics of Drag-reducing Surfactant Solution Flow and Its Enhancement Methods47

2.4.1 Convective Heat Transfer Characteristics of Drag-reducing Surfactant Solution Flow47

2.4.2 Heat Transfer Enhancement Methods for Drag-reducing Surfactant Solution Flows50

References59

3 Turbulence Structures in Drag-Reducing Surfactant Solution Flow63

3.1 Measurement Techniques for Turbulence Structures in Drag-Reducing Flow64

3.1.1 Laser Doppler Velocimetry64

3.1.2 PIV66

3.2 Statistical Characteristics of Velocity and Temperature Fields in Drag-reducing Flow68

3.2.1 Distribution of Averaged Quantities69

3.2.2 Distribution of Fluctuation Intensities74

3.2.3 Correlation Analyses of Fluctuating Quantities77

3.2.4 Spectrum Analyses of Fluctuating Quantities78

3.3 Characteristics of Turbulent Vortex Structures in Drag-reducing Flow83

3.3.1 Identification Method of Turbulent Vortex by Swirling Strength84

3.3.2 Distribution Characteristics of Turbulent Vortex in the x-y Plane85

3.3.3 Distribution Characteristics of Turbulent Vortex in the y-z Plane87

3.3.4 Distribution Characteristics of Turbulent Vortex in the x-z Plane90

3.4 Reynolds Shear Stress and Wall-Normal Turbulent Heat Flux96

References100

4 Numerical Simulation of Surfactant Drag Reduction103

4.1 Direct Numerical Simulation of Drag-reducing Flow104

4.1.1 A Mathematical Model of Drag-reducing Flow104

4.1.2 The DNS Method of Dragreducing Flow109

4.2 R ANS of Drag-reducing Flow111

4.3 Governing Equation and DNS Method of Drag-reducing Flow114

4.3.1 Governing Equation114

4.3.2 Numerical Method117

4.4 DNS Results and Discussion for Drag-reducing Flow and Heat Transfer122

4.4.1 The Overall Study on Surfactant Drag Reduction and Heat Transfer bv DNS122

4.4.2 The Rheological Parameter Effect of DNS on Surfactant Drag Reduction160

4.4.3 DNS with the Bilayer Model of Flows with Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluid Coexistence173

4.5 Conclusion and Future Work178

References179

5 Microstructures and Rheological Properties of Surfactant Solution183

5.1 Microstructures in Surfactant Solution and Its Visualization Methods183

5.1.1 Microstructures in Surfactant Solution183

5.1.2 Visualization Methods for Microstructures in Surfactant Solution187

5.2 Rheology and Measurement Methods of Surfactant Solution189

5.2.1 Rheological Parameters190

5.2.2 Measurement Method of Rheological Parameters194

5.2.3 Rheological Characteristics of Dilute Drag-reducing Surfactant Solution200

5.3 Factors Affecting the Rheological Characteristics of Surfactant Solution207

5.3.1 Surfactant Concentration207

5.3.2 Temperature208

5.3.3 Type of Surfactant208

5.4 Characterization of Viscoelasticity of Drag-reducing Surfactant Solution by Using Free Surface Swirling Flow209

5.5 Molecular and Brownian Dynamics Simulations of Surfactant Solution216

5.5.1 Brief Introduction of Simulation Methods216

5.5.2 Brownian Dynamics Simulation bv Using a WK Potential221

References231

6 Application Techniques for Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives233

6.1 Problems That Need to Be Solved in Engineering Applications233

6.1.1 Influencing Factors of Drag-reducing Surfactant Additives on the Heat Transfer Performance of Heat Exchangers and Its Counter-measures234

6.1.2 Influences of Drag-reducing Surfactant Additives on the Environment235

6.1.3 Scale-up Problem236

6.2 Separation Techniques for Surfactant Solution237

6.2.1 Adsorption238

6.2.2 Ultrafiltration238

6.2.3 Reverse Osmosis239

6.3 Drag Reduction Stability of Surfactant Solutions239

6.3.1 Effect of Adsorption239

6.3.2 Effects of Fe(OH)3240

6.3.3 Effects of Cu(OH)2241

6.3.4 Recovery of Drag Reduction241

6.4 Applications of Surfactant Drag Reduction242

6.4.1 Application of Surfactant to Hydronic Heating and Air-Conditioning Systems242

6.4.2 Surfactant Selection in Actual Applications251

References253

Index255