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1 Biomaterials in Drug Delivery1

1.1 Introduction1

Contents1

1.2 Structure and Properties of Hydrogels3

1.2.1 Equilibrium Swelling5

1.2.2 Network Pore Size Calculation10

1.3 Diffusion in Hydrogels12

1.3.1 Macroscopic Analysis13

1.3.2 Network Structural Effects15

1.3.3 Experimental Determination of Diffusion Coefficients20

1.4.1 Diffusion-Controlled Release Systems23

1.4 Classifications23

1.4.2 Swelling-Controlled Release Systems25

1.4.3 Chemically Controlled Release Systems26

1.4.4 Environmentally Responsive Systems28

References30

2 Drug Delivery Systems for Localized Treatment of Disease33

2.1 Introduction33

2.2 Drug Delivery Systems33

2.2.1 Diffusion-Controlled Drug Delivery Devices36

2.2.2 Water-Controlled Drug Delivery Devices39

2.2.3 Chemically Controlled Drug Delivery Devices40

2.2.4 Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems41

2.3 Drug Delivery to the Lung42

2.4 Bone Infection Treatment44

2.5 Cancer Treatment48

2.5.1 Intratumoral Versus Systemic Delivery48

2.5.2 Liver Cancer49

2.5.3 Neurological Cancer51

2.5.4 Dermatological（Head and Neck/Skin）Cancer52

2.5.5 Skeletal Cancer53

2.5.6 Breast Cancer54

2.6 Conclusions55

Acknowledgement56

References56

3 Application of Protein Electrophoresis Techniques61

3.1 　Introduction61

3.2 Common E1ectrophoretic Systems for Separation and Characterization of Proteins62

3.2.1　 Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis（PAGE）63

3.2.2 Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis:SDS-PAGE64

3.2.3 Other Common Electrophoretic Separation Techniques68

3.3　 Protein Visualization:What You See Depends on How You Look71

3.4 Variables of State with Respect to Protein Binding at a Material Surface75

3.5　Some Recent Applications of Protein Electrophoresis in Biomaterials Science79

3.6　Electrophoretic Characterization of the Interaction of Extracellular Matrix（ECM）Proteins with Glass Surfaces:A Case Study81

3.6.1 Protein Binding81

3.6.2 Analyses of Adsorbed Proteins:General Considerations84

3.6.3 Analyses of Adsorbed Proteins from Several Types of G1asses Via SDS-PAGE and Native-PAGE86

3.7 Conclusions90

References90

4 Xenoestrogens as Endocrine Disrupters93

4.1 Introduction93

4.2 Prevalence and Biological Effects95

4.2.1 Classes of Xenoestrogens and Human Exposure95

4.2.2 Xenoestrogens and Wildlife Reproduction96

4.2.3 The Unfortunate Consequences of Human Exposure to DES97

4.2.4 Xenoestrogens and Tumorigenesis99

4.3 Mechanism of Action100

4.3.1 Estrogen Receptors:Structure and Function100

4.3.2 Agonistic and Antagonistic Actions103

4.3.3 Metabolism and Genotoxicity104

4.4 Bisphenol A:An Estrogenic Compound in Unexpected Places105

4.4.1 BPA:Prevalence and Discovery of Estrogenicity105

4.4.2 Binding Affinity and in Vitro Actions107

4.4.3 Effects of BPA on Adult Animals108

4.4.4 Developmental Effects of Xenoestrogens112

4.5 Summary and Perspectives114

References114

5 Medical Devices119

5.1 Research Management for the Development of Medical Devices119

5.1.1 Introduction119

5.1.2 A Multidisciplinary Approach to Medical Product Development120

5.1.3 Constructive Medical Technology Assessment121

5.1.4 Concurrent Engineering123

5.2 Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices124

5.2.1 Categories of Medical Devices124

5.2.2 Animal Experiments126

5.3 Applications127

5.3.1 Mechanical Circulatory Support Systems128

5.3.2 An Extendable Modular Endoprosthetic System for Bone Tumor Management in the Leg140

5.3.3 The Groningen Temporomandibular Joint Prosthesis145

5.3.4 Laryngeal Prosthesis155

5.3.5 Tracheostoma Valves171

5.3.6 Fixation of Tracheostoma Valves177

5.3.7 Voice-Producing Prosthesis184

References189

Index201