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PART Ⅰ VTS Services3

1 Introduction3

2 Planning a VTS6

2.1 FACTORS TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT WHEN CONSIDERING VTS7

2.1.1 General7

2.1.2 Development and Procurement8

2.1.3 Inception Phase10

2.1.4 Feasibility and Design Study Phase11

2.1.5 Risk Assessment Phase15

2.1.6 Cost/ Benefit Phase16

2.1.7 Implementation Phase16

2.1.8 Evaluation Phase17

2.2 SERVICE AND OPERATING OPTIONS17

2.2.1 Service Options17

2.2.2 Information Service17

2.2.3 Navigational Assistance Service18

2.2.4 Traffic Organisation Service18

2.2.5 Operating Rules and Regulations20

2.2.6 Co-operation with Allied Services, Port Operations, Emergency Services and adjacent VTS21

2.3 TECHNICAL OPTIONS22

2.3.1 Data Collection22

2.3.2 Data Evaluation24

2.3.3 Data Dissemination25

2.4 LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS26

2.4.1 General26

2.4.2 Authority26

2.4.3 Relationship between VTS and Vessels28

2.4.4 Liability28

2.5 VTS IN INLAND WATERS29

3 Structuring a VTS31

3.1 OPERATING PRINCIPLES ＆ METHODS31

3.1.1 Principles31

3.1.2 Methods32

3.2 PROVISION OF FACILITIES32

3.2.1 Infrastructure to Support a VTS32

3.2.2 Operational Aspects of the Infrastructure32

3.2.3 Technical Aspects of the Infrastructure34

3.2.4 Administrative Aspects of the Infrastructure35

3.3 PROVISION OF EQUIPMENT36

3.3.1 General36

3.3.2 Division of a VTS Area into Sub-areas or Sectors36

3.3.3 Surveillance Requirements for the VTS Area37

3.3.4 Communication Requirements42

3.3.5 Additional Equipment45

3.3.6 Availability and Reliability of Equipment45

3.3.7 Selection of Equipment46

3.3.8 Documentation46

4 AIS―A VTS Tool48

4.1 GENERAL48

4.2 BENEFITS OF AIS48

4.2.1 Automatic Vessel Identification48

4.2.2 VHF Communications49

4.2.3 Improved Vessel Tracking49

4.3 INSTALLATION OF AIS INTO A VTS - ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED52

4.3.1 Number/Location of Base Stations/Repeaters52

4.3.2 Operability with Adjacent VTS Organizations52

4.3.3 Availability of Suitable VHF Communications Channels52

4.3.4 Availability of national/regional/local DGNSS corrections52

4.4 OTHER ISSUES TO BE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION53

4.4.1 Integration of AIS into Existing Radar-based Systems53

4.4.2 Use of Electronic Charts53

4.4.3 Choice of VTS Symbols54

4.5 AIS AND AIDS TO NAVIGATION55

4.6 AIS FOR METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL INFORMATION56

4.7 SHORT TERM ACTION BY VTS AUTHORITIES57

5 VTS Personnel58

5.1 INTRODUCTION58

5.2 RECOMMENDATION V-10 3 ON STANDARDS FOR TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION OF VTS PERSONNEL59

5.2.1 Job Descriptions59

5.2.2 Selection and Recruiting59

5.2.3 Training60

5.2.4 Competence Charts60

5.3 MODEL COURSES60

5.3.1 General60

5.3.2 Basic and Advancement Training61

5.3.3 On-the-Job Training62

5.4 ACCREDITATION OF TRAINING INSTITUTES63

5.5 CERTIFICATION OF EXISTING VTS PERSONNEL64

5.6 STAFFING LEVEL65

5.6.1 The Comparison of Outcomes against the VTS Service Level Agreement66

5.6.2 The Optimum Time that a VTS Operator/Supervisor Should Spend at a Workstation66

5.6.3 The extent of Machine Assistance Available to the Operator/Supervisor66

5.6.4 Communication Requirements67

5.6.5 The Ability of the Staff on Duty to Deal with Emergencies and Unplanned Events67

5.6.6 The Risks of Poor Performance Associated with Workload Stress68

6 Operating a VTS 69

6.2 ADMINISTRATION AND SUPPORT73

6.2.1 Introduction73

6.2.2 Administration73

6.2.3 Support Activity73

6.3 QUALITY CONTROL74

6.3.1 General74

6.3.2 Practices and Procedures74

6.4 EXTERNAL RELATIONS75

6.4.1 General75

6.4.2 Provision of Information75

6.4.3 Public Relations Programme76

6.5 CO-OPERATION WITH ALLIED SERVICES AND EMERGENCY SERVICES76

6.5.1 Pilotage76

6.5.2 Emergency Services77

PART Ⅱ APPLICATION OF RISK-BASED DECISION MAKING ON PLANNING VTS83

Introduction83

1 Risk-based Decision-making in Planning for a VTS85

1.1 SAFETY AND RISK85

1.2 TRADITIONAL APPROACH TO MAKING DECISIONS CONCERNING MARI-TIME SAFETY86

1.3 RISK-BASED DECISION-MAKING（RBDM）87

1.4 VESSEL TRAFFIC SERVICE（VTS）88

1.5 FORMAL SAFETY ASSESSMENT（FSA）90

2 Identification of Risks and Hazards93

2.1 DEFINE PROBLEM94

2.1.1 VTS vessels95

2.1.2 Types of VTS95

2.1.3 Traffic rules and regulations96

2.1.4 Risk to Be Considered97

2.1.5 Geographical Boundaries99

2.1.6 Determination of Risk99

2.2 IDENTIFICATION OF RISKS AND HAZARDS100

2.2.1 Local Traffic Hazards101

2.2.2 Geographical Division106

2.2.3 Preliminary Rank of Sub-areas106

2.2.4 Preliminary Evaluation of Local Accidents108

2.2.5 Comparison and Combination109

2.2.6 Conclusion110

3 Risk Analysis111

3.1 RISK ESTIMATION112

3.1.1 Recommended Models for Risk Estimation112

3.1.2 Risk Index Approach for Risk Estimation117

3.2 RISK EVALUATION121

3.2.1 Stakeholders Involved in Planning VTS122

3.2.2 Risk Perceptions123

3.2.3 Evaluation of Risk Acceptability/Tolerability124

PART Ⅲ VTS Equipment129

1 VTS的基本组成129

1.1 VTS信息系统组成框图129

1.2 VTS各组成单元的基本功能和技术要求130

1.2.1 VHF通信子系统130

1.2.2 雷达子系统131

1.2.3 雷达数据处理子系统131

1.2.4 信息传输子系统132

1.2.5 交通显示及操作控子系统132

1.2.6 船舶数据管理子系统132

1.2.7 信息记录子系统132

1.2.8 环境监测子系统132

1.2.9 其他信息收集设备133

2 雷达子系统134

2.1 交管雷达的基本构成及一般性能134

2.1.1 交管雷达的基本构成134

2.1.2 交管雷达的一般性能135

2.2 天线分机构成、性能指标和工作原理136

2.2.1 天线结构与工作原理136

2.2.2 方位信号产生器138

2.2.3 天线分机的主要性能指标138

2.3 收发机构成、性能指标和工作原理139

2.3.1 发射机的构成和工作原理139

2.3.2 接收机的构成和工作原理142

2.3.3 收发机的主要性能指标143

2.4 显示器构成、性能指标和工作原理146

2.4.1 显示器的构成和工作原理146

2.4.2 显示器的性能指标147

2.5 监控器构成和工作原理148

2.5.1 监控器的基本功能和电路组成148

2.5.2 监控台149

2.6 雷达杂波处理149

2.6.1 杂波的类型与特性150

2.6.2 杂波处理方法150

2.7 雷达子系统性能指标的计算方法153

2.7.1 探测范围153

2.7.2 最大作用距离156

2.7.3 最小作用距离159

2.7.4 测距误差160

2.7.5 测方位误差164

2.7.6 距离分辨率165

2.7.7 方位分辨率166

3 VHF通信子系统168

3.1 VHF通信子系统的基本组成168

3.2 VHF设备构成和工作原理168

3.3 无线有线转接设备173

3.3.1 自动无线有线转接设备173

3.3.2 人工无线有线转接设备173

3.4 电波传播线路173

3.4.1 区域划分174

3.4.2 系统余量计算174

3.4.3 频率选择与互调干扰175

4 信息传输子系统176

4.1 数字微波信息传输子系统176

4.1.1 数字微波信息传输系统的基本构成176

4.1.2 数字微波信息传输系统的设备构成和工作原理178

4.1.3 数字微波信息传输的自适应均衡技术182

4.1.4 电波传播与传播线路设计特点183

4.2 扩频微波信息传输系统185

4.2.1 扩频的基本原理185

4.2.2 扩频微波信息传输系统的基本构成186

4.2.3 直扩系统关键设备构成和工作原理187

4.2.4 主要特性和性能指标189

4.3 综合业务数字网（ISDN）190

4.3.1 ISDN的结构特点190

4.3.2 ISDN的信息传输特性192

4.3.3 ISDN在VTS信息传输中的应用方法195

4.4 光纤通信198

4.4.1 光纤的光学特性和传输特性199

4.4.2 光纤数据传输系统的构成和性能指标201

4.4.3 VTS光纤数字信息传输方法206

4.4.4 光同步数字系列传输网210

4.5 计算机通信网215

4.5.1 计算机通信网网络结构215

4.5.2 网络协议219

4.5.3 网络的基本构成和网络设备221

5 雷达数据处理子系统229

5.1 雷达数据处理子系统的构成和主要性能指标229

5.1.1 主要功能229

5.1.2 主要技术环节230

5.1.3 主要性能指标232

5.1.4 雷达数据处理子系统的基本构成232

5.1.5 系统功能与实现关系233

5.2 雷达目标跟踪处理234

5.2.1 雷达视频录取处理器（数字化单元）234

5.2.2 目标跟踪241

5.2.3 系统服务器242

5.3 雷达数据显示设备243

5.3.1 原始视频显示244

5.3.2 人机接口245

5.4 雷达数据记录设备253

5.4.1 雷达数据记录的主要内容和指标253

5.4.2 信息记录与再现254

6 新技术在VTS中的应用256

6.1 通用船舶自动识别系统AIS256

6.1.1 AIS的组成和原理256

6.1.2 AIS的标准257

6.1.3 AIS的数据传输260

6.1.4 系统的定时和同步263

6.1.5 AIS与雷达系统的数据融合263

6.2 VTS的网络化发展264

6.2.1 VTS网络化发展趋势264

6.2.2 全国VTS信息网络系统构架264

6.2.3 VTS信息网站系统269

References271