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1 Properties of Materials1

1.1 Physical Properties1

1.1.1 Mass Density1

1.1.2 Theoretical Density or X-ray Density of Solids2

1.1.3 Apparent,Bulk,and Tap Densities2

1.1.4 Specific Weight3

1.1.5 Specific Gravity3

1.1.6 Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle3

1.1.7 Pycnometers for Solids4

1.1.8 Density of Mixtures5

1.2 Mechanical Properties6

1.2.1 Stress and Pressure7

1.2.2 Strain7

1.2.3 Elastic Moduli and Hooke's Law7

1.2.4 The Stress-Strain Curve8

1.2.5 Strain Hardening Exponent11

1.2.6 Hardness11

1.2.7 Resilience and Modulus of Resilience15

1.2.8 Toughness15

1.2.9 Maximum Allowable Stress15

1.2.10 Fracture Toughness16

1.2.11 Brittleness Indices17

1.2.12 Creep17

1.2.13 Ductile-Brittle Transition18

1.2.14 Fatigue18

1.2.15 Tribological and Lubricating Properties of Solids19

1.2.15.1 Static Friction Coefficient19

1.2.15.2 Sliding Friction Coefficient20

1.2.16 Ashby's Mechanical Performance Indices21

1.2.17 Order of Magnitude of Mechanical Properties of Solid Materials21

1.3 Acoustical Properties23

1.3.1 Velocity of Sound in Materials23

1.3.2 Sound Intensity23

1.3.3 Attenuation of Sound at a Given Distance from a Source24

1.3.4 Damping Capacity of Solids and Loss Factor24

1.4 Thermal Properties25

1.4.1 Molar and Specific Heat Capacities25

1.4.2 Coefficients of Thermal Expansion26

1.4.3 Volume Expansion on Melting27

1.4.4 Thermal Shock Resistance27

1.4.5 Heat Transfer Processes28

1.4.6 Thermal Conductivity28

1.4.7 Thermal Diffusivity29

1.4.8 Spectral Emissivity30

1.4.9 Temperature and Latent Enthalpies of Fusion,Vaporization,and Sublimation30

1.4.10 Order of Magnitude of Thermal Properties of Materials32

1.5 Optical Properties32

1.5.1 Index of Refraction32

1.5.2 Total Reflection and Critical Angle34

1.5.3 Specific and Molar Refraction35

1.5.4 Refractivity35

1.5.5 Dispersion35

1.5.6 Coefficient of Dispersion36

1.5.7 Abbe Number36

1.5.8 Temperature Dependence of the Refractive Index36

1.5.9 Anisotropic Materials36

1.5.10 Birefringence37

1.5.11 Albedo and Reflective Index37

1.5.12 Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum38

1.5.13 Order of Magnitude of Optical Properties of Transparent Materials38

1.5.14 Macroscopic Absorption of Light39

1.5.14.1 Damping Constant39

1.5.14.2 First Law of Absorption (Bouger's Law)39

1.5.14.3 Second Law of Absorption(Beer-Lambert Law)40

1.5.14.4 Absorbance or Optical Density40

1.5.15 Microscopic Absorption and Emission Processes41

1.5.16 Einstein Coefficients42

1.5.16.1 Einstein Coefficient of Absorption42

1.5.16.2 Einstein Coefficient of Spontaneous Emission43

1.5.16.3 Einstein Coefficient of Stimulated Emission44

1.5.16.4 Relation Between Einstein Coefficients44

1.5.16.5 Relations Between Einstein and Extinction Coefficients45

1.5.17 Luminescence45

1.5.17.1 Excitation46

1.5.17.2 Internal Conversion46

1.5.17.3 Fluorescence46

1.5.17.4 Intercombination46

1.5.17.5 Delayed Fluorescence47

1.5.17.6 Phosphorescence47

1.6 Other Properties47

1.6.1 Biocompatibility47

1.6.2 Electronegativity48

1.6.3 Chemical Abstract Registry Number50

1.7 Fundamental Constants50

1.8 Conversion Factors52

1.9 Further Reading54

1.9.1 Mathematics and Statistics54

1.9.2 Units and Conversion Tables55

1.9.3 Physics55

1.9.4 Physical Chemistry55

1.9.5 Engineering Fundamentals56

1.9.6 General Handbooks56

1.9.7 Mechanical Properties56

1.9.8 Electrical Properties56

1.9.9 Thermal Properties56

1.9.10 Metallurgy57

1.9.11 Materials Science57

A Background Data for the Chemical Elements1181

A.1 Periodic Chart of the Elements1181

A.2 Historical Names of the Chemical Elements1181

A.3 UNS Standard Alphabetical Designation1181

A.4 Names of Transfermium Elements 101-1101184

A.5 Selected Physical Properties of the Elements1185

A.6 Geochemical Classification of the Elements1185

B NIST Thermochemical Data for Pure Substances1195

C Natural Radioactivity and Radionuclides1201

C.1 Introduction1201

C.2 Mononuclidic Elements1202

C.3 Nuclear Decay Series1202

C.4 Non-Series Primordial Radionuclides1205

C.5 Cosmogenic Radionuclides1206

C.6 NORM and TENORM1206

C.7 Activity Calculations1207

C.7.1 Activity of a Material Containing One Natural Radionuclide1207

C.7.2 Activity of a Material Containing Natural U and Th1207

D Crystallography and Crystallochemistry1209

D.1 Direct Space Lattice Parameters1209

D.2 Symmetry Elements1210

D.3 The Seven Crystal Systems1211

D.4 Conversion of a Rhombohedral to a Hexagonal Lattice1211

D.5 The 14 Bravais Space Lattices1211

D.6 Characteristics ofClose-Packed Arrangements1211

D.7 The 32 Classes of Symmetry1212

D.8 Strukturbericht Structures1215

D.9 The 230 Space Groups1221

D.10 Crystallographic Calculations1228

D.10.1 Theoretical Crystal Density1228

D.10.2 Lattice Point and Vector Position1228

D.10.3 Scalar Product1228

D.10.4 Vector or Cross Product1228

D.10.5 Mixed Product and Cell Multiplicity1229

D.10.6 Unit Cell Volume1230

D.10.7 Plane Angle between Lattice Planes1230

D.11 Interplanar Spacing1231

D.12 Reciprocal Lattice Unit Cell1232

E Transparent Materials for Optical Windows1233

F Corrosion Resistance of Materials Towards Various Corrosive Media1237

G Economic Data for Metals,Industrial Minerals and Electricity1245

G.1 Prices of Pure Elements1245

G.2 World Annual Production of Commodities1248

G.3 Economic Data for Industrial Minerals1249

G.4 Prices of Electricity in Various Countries1254

H Geological Time Scale1255

I Materials Societies1257

Bibliography1269

1 General Desk References1269

1.1 Scientific and Technical Writing1269

1.2 Chemicals1270

1.3 Plant Cost Estimation and Process Economics1270

1.4 Thermodynamic Tables1271

1.5 Phase Diagrams1271

2 Dictionaries and Encyclopedias1272

3 Comprehensive Series in Material Sciences1272