语言学教程 第3版PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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Chapter 1　Invitations to Linguistics1

1.1 Why Study Language?1

1.2 What Is Language?2

1.3 Design Features ofLanguage3

1.3.1 Arbitrariness4

1.3.2 Duality5

1.3.3 Creativity6

1.3.4 Displacement7

1.4 Origin of Language8

1.5 Functions of Language9

1.5.1 Informative10

1.5.2 Interpersonal Function10

1.5.3 Performative11

1.5.4 Emotive Function11

1.5.5 Phatic Communion12

1.5.6 Recreational Function13

1.5.7 Metalingual Function13

1.6 What Is Linguistics?14

1.7 Main Branches ofLinguistics15

1.7.1 Phonetics15

1.7.2 Phonology15

1.7.3 Morphology16

1.7.4 Syntax16

1.7.5 Semantics17

1.7.6 Pragmatics17

1.8 Macrolinguistics17

1.8.1 Psycholinguistics18

1.8.2 Sociolinguistics18

1.8.3 Anthropological Linguistics18

1.8.4 Computational Linguistics19

1.9 Important Distinctions in Linguistics19

1.9.1 Descriptive vs.Prescriptive19

1.9.2 Synchronic vs.Diachronic20

1.9.3 Langue & Parole21

1.9.4 Competence and Performance21

Further Reading22

Chapter 2 Speech Sounds24

2.1 How Speech Sounds Are Made?25

2.1.1 Speech Organs25

2.1.2 The IPA27

2.2 Consonants and Vowels29

2.2.1 Consonants29

2.2.2 Vowels33

2.2.3 The Sounds of English34

2.3 From Phonetics to Phonology37

2.3.1 Coarticulation and Phonetic Transcriptions37

2.3.2 Phonemes38

2.3.3 Allophones40

2.4 Phonological Processes,Phonological Rules and Distinctive Features42

2.4.1 Assimilation42

2.4.2 Epenthesis,Rule Ordering and the Elsewhere Condition44

2.4.3 Distinctive Features47

2.5 Suprasegmentals49

2.5.1 The Syllable Structure49

2.5.2 Stress51

2.5.3 Intonation52

2.5.4 Tone52

Further Reading53

Chapter 3 Lexicon55

3.1 What Is Word?55

3.1.1 Three Senses of"WORD"55

3.1.2 Identification of Words57

3.1.3 Classification of Words58

3.2 The Formation of Word61

3.2.1 Morpheme and Morphology61

3.2.2 Types of Morphemes62

3.2.3 Inflection and Word Formation64

3.2.4 Sememe vs.Morpheme,and Phoneme vs.Morpheme68

3.3 Lexical Change72

3.3.1 Lexical Change Proper73

3.3.2 Morpho-syntactical Change77

3.3.3 Semantic Change78

3.3.4 Phonological Change80

3.3.5 Orthographic Change82

Further Reading82

Chapter 4 From Word to Text84

4.1 Syntactic Relations84

4.1.1 Positional Relation84

4.1.2 Relation of Substitutability85

4.1.3 Relation of Co-occurrence86

4.2 Grammatical Construction and Its Constituents86

4.2.1 Grammatical Construction86

4.2.2 Immediate Constituents87

4.2.3 Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions89

4.2.4 Coordination and Subordination90

4.3 Syntactic Function92

4.3.1 Subject92

4.3.2 Predicate94

4.3.3 Object95

4.3.4 The Relation between Classes and Functions95

4.4 Category96

4.4.1 Number96

4.4.2 Gender97

4.4.3 Case97

4.4.4 Agreement98

4.5 Phrase,Clause and Sentence99

4.5.1 Phrase99

4.5.2 Clause99

4.5.3 Sentence100

4.6 Recursiveness101

4.6.1 Conjoining102

4.6.2 Embedding102

4.7 Beyond the Sentence102

4.7.1 Sentential Connection103

4.7.2 Cohesion103

Further Reading103

Chapter 5 Meaning105

5.1 Meanings of"MEANING"105

5.2 The Referential Theory107

5.3 Sense Relations109

5.3.1 Synonymy109

5.3.2 Antonymy110

5.3.3 Hyponymy113

5.4 Componential Analysis114

5.5 Sentence Meaning117

5.5.1 An Integrated Theory118

5.5.2 Logical Semantics120

Further Reading126

Chapter 6 Language and Cognition128

6.1 What Is Cognition?128

6.2 What Is Psycholinguistics?130

6.2.1 Language Acquisition131

6.2.2 Language Comprehension134

6.2.3 Language Production139

6.3 What Is Cognitive Linguistics?142

6.3.1 Construal and Construal Operations143

6.3.2 Categorization145

6.3.3 Image Schemas147

6.3.4 Metaphor148

6.3.5 Metonymy151

6.3.6 Blending Theory155

Further Reading158

Chapter 7 Language,Culture,and Society159

7.1 Language and Culture159

7.1.1 How Does Language Relate to Culture?160

7.1.2 More about the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis163

7.1.3 Case Studies167

7.1.4 To Which Extent Do We Need Culture in Our Linguistic Study?168

7.1.5 Culture in Language Teaching Classroom169

7.2 Language and Society170

7.2.1 How Does Language Relate to Society?170

7.2.2 A Situationally and Socially Variationist Perspective170

7.2.3 What Should We Know More about Sociolinguistics?173

7.2.4 What Implications Can We Get from Sociolinguistics?174

7.3 Cross-cultural Communication176

7.3.1 What Should We Know All about Cross-cultural Communication?176

7.3.2 Case Studies177

7.4 Summary182

Further Reading183

Chapter 8 Language in Use185

8.1 Speech Act Thcory186

8.1.1 Performatives and Constatives186

8.1.2 A Theory of the Illocutionary Act188

8.2 The Theory of Conversational Implicature190

8.2.1 The Cooperative Principle190

8.2.2 Violation of the Maxims192

8.2.3 Characteristics of Implicature195

8.3 Post-Gricean Developments198

8.3.1 Relevance Theory198

8.3.2 The Q-and R-principles201

8.3.3 The Q-,I-and M-principles206

Further Reading209

Chapter 9 Language and Literature211

9.1 Introduction211

9.2 Some General Features of the Literary Language211

9.2.1 Foregrounding and the Grammatical Form212

9.2.2 Literal Language and Figurative Language213

9.2.3 The Analysis of Literary Language215

9.3 The Language in Poetry216

9.3.1 Sound Patterning216

9.3.2 Different Forms of Sound Patterning217

9.3.3 Stress and Metrical Patterning218

9.3.4 Conventional Forms of Metre and Sound220

9.3.5 The Poetic Functions of Sound and Metre221

9.3.6 How to Analyse Poetry?221

9.4 The Language in Fiction223

9.4.1 Fictional Prose and Point of View223

9.4.2 Speech and Thought Presentation225

9.4.3 Prose Style229

9.4.4 How to Analyse the Language of Fiction?230

9.5 The Language in Drama230

9.5.1 How Should We Analyse Drama?231

9.5.2 Analysing Dramatic Language232

9.5.3 How to Analyse Dramatic Texts?236

9.6 The Cognitive Approach to Literature236

9.6.1 Theoretical Background236

9.6.2 An Example of Cognitive Analysis237

Further Reading240

Chapter 10 Language and Computer242

10.0 Introduction242

10.1 Computer-assisted Language Learning(CALL)242

10.1.1 CAI/CAL vs.CALL242

10.1.2 Phases of CALL Development244

10.1.3 Technology245

10.2 Machine Translation247

10.2.1 History of Development247

10.2.2 Research Methods249

10.2.3 MT Quality251

10.2.4 MT and the Internet252

10.2.5 Speech Translation252

10.2.6 MT and Human Translation253

10.3 Corpus Linguistics254

10.3.1 Definition254

10.3.2 Criticisms and the Revival of Corpus Linguistics255

10.3.3 Concordance255

10.3.4 Text Encoding and Annotation256

10.3.5 The Roles of Corpus Data257

10.4 Computer Mediated Communication259

10.4.1 Mail and News260

10.4.2 PowerPoint261

10.4.3 Blog262

10.4.4 Chatroom263

10.4.5 Emoticons or Smileys264

Further Reading265

Chapter 11 Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching266

11.1 The Relation between Linguistics and Language Teaching266

11.2 Linguistics and Language Learning267

11.2.1 Grammar and Language Learning268

11.2.2 Input and Language Learning270

11.2.3 Interlanguage in Language Learning271

11.3 Linguistics and Language Teaching272

11.3.1 The Discourse-based View of Language Teaching272

11.3.2 The Universal Grammar and Language Teaching274

11.4 Linguistics and Syllabus Design275

11.4.1 A Clarification of Terms:Syllabus and Curriculum276

11.4.2 Theoretical Views behind Syllabus Design277

11.4.3 Types of Syllabus278

11.4.4 Components of Syllabus285

11.4.5 Current Trends in Syllabus Design286

11.5 Contrastive Analysis and Error Analysis287

11.5.1 Contrastive Analysis(CA)287

11.5.2 Error Analysis(EA)289

11.6 Corpus Linguistics and Language Teaching290

11.6.1 Types of Corpora291

11.6.2 What Uses Can We Make of Corpora?291

11.7 Summary292

Further Reading293

Chapter 12 Theories and Schools of Modern Linguistics294

12.0 Introduction294

12.1 The Prague School296

12.1.1 Introduction296

12.1.2 Phonology and Phonological Oppositions297

12.1.3 Functional Sentence Perspective(FSP)298

12.2 The London School301

12.2.1 Malinowski's Theorics302

12.2.2 Firth's Theories303

12.2.3 Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar306

12.3 American Structuralism317

12.3.1 Early Period:Boas and Sapir317

12.3.2 Bloomfield's Theory320

12.3.3 Post-Bloomfieldian Linguistics322

12.4 Transformational-Generative Grammar326

12.4.1 The Innateness Hypothesis326

12.4.2 What Is a Generative Grammar?327

12.4.3 The Classical Theory328

12.4.4 The Standard Theory332

12.4.5 The Extended Standard Theory334

12.4.6 Later Theories337

12.4.7 Main Features of TG Grammar338

12.5 Revisionists or Rebels?339

12.5.1 Case Grammar339

12.5.2 Generative Semantics340

Further Reading342

Bibliography345

Glossary and Index359