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Contents1

1. The nature and purpose of ethical reflection1

1.1 Introduction1

1.2 Autumn 1990: immoral supplies to Iraq?1

1.3 A definition of ethics8

1.4 The subject-matter of ethics-moral behaviour10

1.5 One major ethical issue-relativism10

1.6 The difference in methods with moral theology13

1.7 Moral judgements are normative judgements14

1.8 Characteristics of moral standards20

1.9 Synopsis22

1.10 References24

2. Business ethics:mediating between moral demands and interest25

2.1 Business ethics is normative25

2.2 The relative autonomy of business morality26

2.3 The limited scope of normative business ethics in this text38

2.4 Special studies in business ethics41

2.5 Evidence from surveys on the role of ethics in business46

2.6 A theory on voluntary mediation: participatory ethics49

2.7 Two examples illustrating the predominant role of interests51

2.8 Synopsis60

2.9 References61

3. Moral responsibility in general62

3.1 Introduction62

3.2 The idea of man behind free and conscious behaviour62

3.3 Towards a balanced concept of freedom67

3.4 Further remarks on the given circumstances: life areas72

3.5 A partial definition of individual responsibility74

3.6 A second and more complete definition of responsibility74

3.7 Direct implications relevant to modern issues75

3.8 Synopsis78

3.9 References78

4. Moral responsibility in the business sphere79

4.1 The gist: public accountability and entrepreneurial responsibility79

4.2 Can a company be held responsible?80

4.3 Moral corporate excellence82

4.4 Inference 1: attribution theory on managerial mistakes85

4.5 Inference 2. entrepreneurial performance and publicaccountability86

4.6 Inference 3: groupthink in coping with technological innovation97

4.7 Three classical theories of Product responsibility99

4.8 Examples of liability issues108

4.9 Corporate responsibility117

4.10 Synopsis120

4.11 References120

5. What is in it for all parties concerned?122

5.1 An outlook based on interests122

5.2 Interests combine moral goals and moral principles123

5.3 A practical business philosophy based on interest125

5.4 Distinguish interests from egocentric materialism126

5.5 Unethical attitudes on moral issues129

5.6 The overdone business ethics required by utilitarianism135

5.7 A view fit for moral commerce:enlightened egoism145

5 8 Synopsis151

5.9 Examples and questions152

5.10 References160

6. Is this policy decent, right and just?161

6.1 Introduction161

6.2 Manipulative and non-manipulative relations161

6.3 The need for duty ethics in modern societies163

6.4 The pluralistic duty-based view of human rights165

6.5 The deontological supernorm of Kant167

6.6 Standards of justice171

6.7 Deontological codes for inner constituents in business173

6.8 NORM by Ron Green175

6.9 Incorporating NORM-based rules in enlightened egoism184

6.10 References186

7. Does this policy foster desirable skills?187

7.1 Introduction187

7.2 A first idea of dassical virtue188

7.3 A modern interpretation of Aristotelian moral philosophy189

7.4 Keystones of virtue ethics199

7.5 A psychological structure geared towards human excellence202

7.6 Revised accounts of virtue of little use for business ethics208

7.7 Comparing virtues of character and excellence in crafts211

7.8 Virtue theory is back in town216

7.9 Productive practices and team motivation217

7.10 Some prospects for virtue in business ethics and management theory220

7.11 References226

Index229