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Introduction.The English legal system1

A．Sources of law1

The common law1

Equity3

Law reports4

Statute law5

European Community law5

B．The English courts5

C．Civil courts6

Magistrates'courts6

County courts6

High Court7

Queen's Bench Division7

Chancery8

Family Division8

Appeals8

Employment Appeal Tribunal9

Court of Appeal9

House of Lords9

D．Criminal courts10

Magistrates'courts10

Crown Court11

Court of Appeal11

House of Lords11

E．Other courts and tribunals11

F．Procedure13

Chapter 1．Intention and certainty15

A．Intention15

Advertisements18

Honour clauses19

Other informal agreements20

B．Certainty20

Agreements in principle24

Conditional terms25

Letters of intent and letters of comfort26

Estimates and quotations28

Arbitration clauses28

Course of dealings;trade usages;implied terms29

Conclusion29

Danish law31

Dutch law32

French law33

German law34

Italian law36

Spanish law37

Swedish law37

Chapter 2．Offer and acceptance41

A．Offer41

Duration of offer44

Revocation of offer44

B．Acceptance44

Counter-offer45

The battle of the forms46

Communication of acceptance49

Form of acceptance51

Acceptance in unilateral contracts52

Revocation of acceptance53

Danish law55

Dutch law55

French law56

German law57

Italian law59

Spanish law60

Swedish law60

Chapter 3．Consideration and estoppel63

A．Valuable consideration63

The basic rules64

Consideration must not be past64

Consideration must move from the promisee66

Consideration must be sufficient.but need not be adequate68

Insufficient consideration70

Part payment in full settlement72

B．The privity problem74

Privity of contract;exceptions75

The Contracts(Rights of Third Parties)Act,199975

Consumer guarantees76

Insurance77

Land77

Carriage of goods by sea78

Patents78

Consumer credit78

Housing79

Agency79

Assignment79

Bankers'confirmed credits80

Trusts80

Quasi-contract81

Restrictive covenants81

C．Estoppel82

Proprietary estoppel85

Conclusion86

Danish law88

Dutch law88

French law89

German law90

Italian law91

Spanish law92

Swedish law93

Chapter 4．Writing and capacity95

A．Writing95

Parol evidence98

B．Capacity99

Corporations99

Partnerships and sole traders100

Minors101

Mentally disturbed and drunken persons102

Danish law104

Dutch law104

French law105

German law106

Italian law107

Spanish law108

Swedish law109

Chapter 5．Express and implied terms,conditions,warranties and innominate terms111

A．The express terms of the contract111

Shipping contracts112

Other international contracts of carriage113

Entire agreement clauses113

Quality and fitness of goods and services114

Time clauses115

Risk and retention of title clauses118

Delivery,price and payment118

Exclusion clauses119

Force majeure and hardship clauses119

Waiver clauses120

Arbitration clauses121

Alternative dispute resolution clauses122

Penalty clauses123

Choice of law clauses123

Termination clauses125

B．Implied terms126

The test of necessity127

C．Conditions and warranties131

Innominate terms133

Entire and severable contracts137

Conclusion138

Danish law140

Dutch law141

French law142

German law143

Italian law145

Spanish law146

Swedish law147

Chapter 6．Quality,fitness and safety ofgoods and services149

A．Contract149

Acceptance150

Rights and duties under the Sale of Goods Act152

Title153

Description153

Business sales155

Satisfactory quality156

Reasonable fitness159

Used goods163

Durability164

Sale by sample164

Strict liability164

Credit transactions166

Hire and service contracts167

B．Negligence171

Materials173

Design173

Advice and warnings175

Workmanship175

C．Strict liability176

D．Criminal law179

Danish law181

Dutch law182

French law182

German law184

Italian law186

Spanish law187

Swedish law188

Chapter 7．Exclusion clauses and other unfair contract terms191

A．Exclusion clauses191

Common law192

Unfair Contract Terms Act197

Defective goods202

The test of reasonableness203

Misrepresentations and entire agreement clauses206

Further provisions207

Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations209

Common law and statute211

B．Other unfair contract terms211

Danish law216

Dutch law216

French law217

German law218

Italian law219

Spanish law220

Swedish law221

Chapter 8．Risk and retention of title223

Ownership223

Ascertained goods224

Unascertained goods228

Retention of title230

Ownership and risk236

Danish law238

Dutch law238

French law239

German law241

Italian law242

Spanish law243

Swedish law243

Chapter 9．Delivery,price andpayment245

A．Delivery245

B．Price and payment247

Export sales and letters of credit252

Danish law254

Dutch law254

French law255

German law256

Italian law256

Spanish law257

Swedish law258

Chapter 10．Mistake259

A．Common law259

Identity265

Mistaken signature265

B．Equity266

C．Commonwealth and American rules269

Danish law271

Dutch law271

French law272

German law273

Italian law274

Spanish law275

Swedish law275

Chapter 11．Misrepresentation,duress and illegal contracts277

A．Misrepresentation277

Silence280

Fiduciary relationships281

Material reason282

Remedies283

Fraud284

Negligence284

Innocent misrepresentation285

Misrepresentation and breach of contract287

Exclusion clauses287

B．Duress and undue influence287

C．Illegal and void contracts289

Contracts in restraint of trade292

Conclusion295

Danish law296

Dutch law296

French law297

German law298

Italian law300

Spanish law301

Swedish law301

Chapter 12．Frustration303

Contractual provision;force majeure and hardship clauses304

Impossibility and impracticability305

Effects of frustration311

Danish law313

Dutch law313

French law314

German 1aw315

Italian law316

Spanish law316

Swedish law317

Chapter 13．Remedies for breach of contract319

A．Damages319

Remoteness of damage320

Mitigation328

Anticipatory breach330

Liquidated damages and penalty clauses332

B．Repudiation336

C．Specific performance337

D．Injunctions338

E．Time limits339

Danish law341

Dutch law341

French law342

German law343

Italian law345

Spanish law346

Swedish law347

Appendices349

Appendix Ⅰ-Sections 10-20,34-36,Sale of Goods Act 1979349

Appendix Ⅱ-Sections 1-14,26-29,Schedules 1 and 2,Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977359

Appendix Ⅲ-The Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999368

Appendix Ⅳ-United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980376

Index401