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PART 1 Digital Fundamentals1

Chapter 1 Digital Logic3

1.1 Boolean Logic3

1.2 Boolean Manipulation7

1.3 The Karnaugh map8

1.4 Binary and Hexadecimal Numbering10

1.5 Binary Addition14

1.6 Subtraction and Negative Numbers15

1.7 Multiplication and Division17

1.8 Flip-Flops and Latches18

1.9 Synchronous Logic21

1.10 Synchronous Timing Analysis23

1.11 Clock Skew25

1.12 Clock Jitter27

1.13 Derived Logical Building Blocks28

Chapter 2 Integrated Circuits and the 7400 Logic Families33

2.1 The Integrated Circuit33

2.2 IC Packaging38

2.3 The 7400-Series Discrete Logic Family41

2.4 Applying the 7400 Family to Logic Design43

2.5 Synchronous Logic Design with the 7400 Family45

2.6 Common Variants of the 7400 Family50

2.7 Interpreting a Digital IC Data Shect51

Chapter 3 Basic Computer Architecture55

3.1 The Digital Computer56

3.2 Microprocessor Internals58

3.3 Subroutines and the Stack60

3.4 Reset and Interrupts62

3.5 Implementation of an Eight-Bit Computer63

3.6 Address Banking67

3.7 Direct Memory Access68

3.8 Extending the Microprocessor Bus70

3.9 Assembly Language and Addressing Modes72

Chapter 4 Memory77

4.1 Memory Classifications77

4.2 EPROM79

4.3 Flash Memory81

4.4 EEPROM85

4.5 Asynchronous SRAM86

4.6 Asynchronous DRAM88

4.7 Multiport Memory92

4.8 The FIFO94

Chapter 5 Serial Communications97

5.1 Serial vs.Parallel Communication98

5.2 The UART99

5.3 ASCII Data Representation102

5.4 RS-232102

5.5 RS-422107

5.6 Modems and Baud Rate108

5.7 Network Topologies109

5.8 Network Data Formats110

5.9 RS-485112

5.10 A Simple RS-485 Network114

5.11 Interchip Serial Communications117

Chapter 6 Instructive Microprocessors and Microcomputer Elements121

6.1 Evolution121

6.2 Motorola 6800 Eight-bit Microprocessor Family122

6.3 Intel 8051 Microcontroller Family125

6.4 Microchip PIC? Microcontroller Family131

6.5 Intel 8086 16-Bit Microprocessor Family134

6.6 Motorola 68000 16/32-Bit Microprocessor Family139

PART 2 Advanced Digital Systems143

7.1 RISC and CISC145

Chapter 7 Advanced Microprocessor Concepts145

7.2 Cache Structures149

7.3 Caches in Practice154

7.4 Virtual Memory and the MMU158

7.5 Superpipelined and Superscalar Architectures161

7.6 Floating-Point Arithmetic165

7.7 Digital Signal Processors167

7.8 Performance Metrics169

Chapter 8 High-Performance Memory Technologies173

8.1 Synchronous DRAM173

8.2 Double Data Rate SDRAM179

8.3 Synchronous SRAM182

8.4 DDR and QDR SRAM185

8.5 Content Addressable Memory188

Chapter 9 Networking193

9.1 Protocol Layers One and Two193

9.2 Protocol Layers Three and Four194

9.3 Physical Media197

9.4 Channel Coding198

9.5 8B 1OB Coding203

9.6 Error Detection207

9.7 Checksum208

9.8 Cyclic Redundancy Check209

9.9 Ethernet215

Chapter 10 Logic Design and Finite State Machines221

10.1 Hardware Description Languages221

10.2 CPU Support Logic227

10.3 Clock Domain Crossing233

10.4 Finite State Machines237

10.5 FSM Bus Control239

10.6 FSM Optimization243

10.7 Pipelining245

11.1 Custom and Programmable Logic249

Chapter 11 Programmable Logic Devices249

11.2 GALs and PALs252

11.3 CPLDs255

11.4 FPGAs257

PART 3 Analog Basics for Digital Systems265

Chapter 12 Electrical Fundamentals267

12.1 Basic Circuits267

12.2 Loop and Node Analysis268

12.3 Resistance Combination271

12.4 Capacitors272

12.5 Capacitors as AC Elements274

12.6 Inductors276

12.7 Nonideal RLC Models276

12.8 Frequency Domain Analysis279

12.9 Lowpass and Highpass Filters283

12.10 Transformers288

Chapter 13 Diodes and Transistors293

13.1 Diodes293

13.2 Power Circuits with Diodes296

13.3 Diodes in Digital Applications298

13.4 Bipolar Junction Transistors300

13.5 Digital Amplification with the BJT301

13.6 Logic Functions with the BJT304

13.7 Field-Effect Transistors306

13.8 Power FETs and JFETs309

Chapter 14 Operational Amplifiers311

14.1 The Ideal Up-amp311

14.2 Characteristics of Real Op-amps316

14.3 Bandwidth Limitations324

14.4 Input Resistance325

14.5 Summation Amplifier Circuits328

14.6 Active Filters331

14.7 Comparators and Hysteresis333

Chapter 15 Analog Interfaces for Digital Systems339

15.1 Conversion between Analog and Digital Domains339

15.2 Sampling Rate and Aliasing341

15.3 ADC Circuits345

15.4 DAC Circuits348

15.5 Filters in Data Conversion Systems350

PART 4 Digital System Design in Practice353

Chapter 16 Clock Distribution355

16.1 Crystal Oscillators and Ceramic Resonators355

16.2 Low-Skew Clock Buffers357

16.3 Zero-Delay Buffers:The PLL360

16.4 Frequency Synthesis364

16.5 Delay-Locked Loops366

16.6 Source-Synchronous Clocking367

Chapter 17 Voltage Regulation and Power Distribution371

17.1 Voltage Regulation Basics372

17.2 Thermal Analysis374

17.3 Zener Diodes and Shunt Regulators376

17.4 Transistors and Discrete Series Regulators379

17.5 Linear Regulators382

17.6 Switching Regulators386

17.7 Power Distribution389

17.8 Electrical Integrity392

Chapter 18 Signal Integrity397

18.1 Transmission Lines398

18.2 Termination403

18.3 Crosstalk408

18.4 Electromagnetic Interference410

18.5 Grounding and Electromagnetic Compatibility413

18.6 Electrostatic Discharge415

Chapter 19 Designing for Success419

19.1 Practical Technologies420

19.2 Printed Circuit Boards422

19.3 Manually Wired Circuits425

19.4 Microprocessor Reset428

19.5 Design for Debug429

19.6 Boundary Scan431

19.7 Diagnostic Software433

19.8 Schematic Capture and Spice436

19.9 Test Equipment440

Appendix A Further Education443

Index445