SCIENTIFIC EXAMINATION OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS REVISED EDITIONPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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PART Ⅰ INTRODUCTION AND BASIC DEFINITIONS1

1 Preliminary Considerations3

Documents and Questioned Documents3

Examiner of Questioned Documents4

Standards6

Reference Collections6

Instruments7

Scientific Examination of Documents8

Probability of Accidental Coincidence9

Nonidentity of Source10

Natural Variation10

The Opinion11

Basis of Effective Court Presentation11

Indefinite Findings12

Scope of Document Problems12

2 Definitions of Terms14

General Terms15

Handwriting18

Typewriting22

Altered Documents24

Other Identification Problems25

Photographs and Other Reproductions27

PART Ⅱ WHAT EXAMINATION OF A DOCUMENT MAY REVEAL31

3 Instruments and Materials Used to Prepare Documents33

The Pen33

Writing Inks39

Pencils42

Crayons and Marking Pencils46

The Typewriter46

Computer Printouts57

Carbon Copies58

Typewriter Ribbons61

Correction Liquid and Paper65

Adding Machines, Calculators, and Cash Registers66

Mechanical Recording Devices68

Check Writers69

Hand and Impression Stamps71

Mimeograph and Office Duplicating Methods76

Address Stencils and Plates78

Printed Matter79

Paper Examination82

Carbon Paper88

Seals and Authenticating Devices90

Adhesive Stamps91

Grouping and Binding Devices91

Conclusions94

4 Alterations in Documents95

Erasures96

Associated Evidence106

Cutting106

Interlineations and Additions108

Obliterated or Smeared-over Writing117

Altered Photocopies122

Proof of an Unaltered Document122

Conclusions124

5 Damaged Documents125

Damage and Obliteration by Water125

Light-Faded Inks126

Stained Documents130

Torn Documents131

Charred Documents132

Conclusions134

6 Accidental Markings and Impressions on a Document135

Latent Fingerprints135

Writing Offsets138

Impressed Writing138

Foreign Traces141

Conclusions142

7 Additional Clues for the Investigator143

Indicative Information143

Illegible Handwriting146

Blank Papers146

Secret Inks148

Ballot Frauds148

Conclusions149

PART Ⅲ DISCOVERY OF FACTS BY COMPARISON WITH KNOWN MATERIAL151

8 Identification of Handwriting153

Writing Forms and Qualities154

Arrangement of Writing158

Writing Variation158

Class and Individual Characteristics160

Identification in a Practical Situation160

Nonidentity of Writings161

Typical Problems Involving Writing Identification162

Holographic Wills165

Inhibiting Factors168

Disguise168

Conclusions171

9 Identification of Signatures and Detection of Forgery172

Genuine Signatures173

Unusual Genuine Signatures176

Detection of Forgery182

Forgery of Holographic Documents192

Identifying the Forger199

Assisted or Guided Signatures202

Identification of Initials and Illiterates' Marks204

Conclusions207

10 Identification of Handlettering and Numerals210

Handlettering210

Numerals217

Conclusions223

11 Typewriting Identification224

Printing Defects226

Machine Defects228

Variation229

Transitory Defects231

Basis of Identification233

Typebar Machine233

Proportional Spacing Typewriting235

Single Element Type Ball Machines237

Proportional Spacing Single Element Machines243

The Electronic Typewriter246

Identification Problems248

Identification of the Typist250

Identification by Typewriter Ribbon252

Forgery of a Typewriter255

Disguised Typewriting258

12 Other Mechanical Impressions, Including Check Writers and Printing Identifications260

Check Writers and Check-Writing Units260

Adding-Machine Tapes and Cash-Register Receipts262

Other Recording Machines264

Computer Printouts266

Time Clocks and Date Stamps266

Printed Matter268

13 Age of a Document273

Dating by Materials274

Dating by Changes in Materials280

Dating by Comparison282

Dating by Chance Marks291

Combination of Factors294

Conclusions295

PART Ⅳ THE ATTORNEY-INVESTIGATOR'S ROLE IN A QUESTIONED DOCUMENT PROBLEM297

14 Preparation and Collection of Handwriting Standards299

Collected Standards299

Sources of Standards308

Request Standards310

Special Considerations for Request Signatures320

Combination of Request and Collected Standards321

Standards for Special Problems322

Standards Prepared Under Cross-examination327

Handlettered Standards328

Conclusions329

15 Typewriting Standards331

Standards for Machine Identification331

Single Element Standards343

Standards to Identify the Operator346

Conclusions348

16 Care,Handling,and Preservation of Documents349

Protcctive Enveelopes350

Earlv Submission for Examination350

Proper Storage351

Avoid Excessive Handling352

Do Not Mark353

Do Not Fold,Cut,or Tear355

Do Not Allow "Amateur" Testing357

Charred Documents359

Conclusions360

17 Reproduction of Documents361

Photographs362

Today's Dry-Photocopying Systems369

Earlier Reproduction Methods373

Other Methods379

Analysis of Photocopies384

Fraudulent Photocopies385

PART Ⅴ THE DOCUMENT PROBLEM GOES TO COURT389

18 Preparation for Trial391

The Document Examiner's Preparation391

Special Reports and Conferences399

19 In the Court Room403

Proofof Standards403

The Document Examiner's Testimony404

Purpose of the Doc ument Examiner in Court413

Document Examiners as Opposing Witnesses413

Use of More than One Expert Witness414

Affidavits and Depositions by Document Examiners415

Conclusions416

Index417