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CHAPTER 1:GENERAL INTRODUCTION1

Ⅰ Introduction1

1.1 The international framework6

1.1.1 GATT/WTO6

1.1.2 Incoterms9

1.2 The European Communities12

1.3 Outline of this book14

PART 1:PROCEDURE17

CHAPTER 2:INVESTIGATORY PROCEDURES17

2 Introduction17

2.1 The administering authorities17

2.1.1 The Commission18

Directorate-General Ⅰ18

The Legal Service20

Directorate-General Ⅲ20

Directorate-General Ⅳ20

Directorate-General ⅩⅩⅠ21

2.1.2 The Anti-Dumping Committee21

2.1.3 The Council of Ministers23

2.1.4 The European Parliament27

2.1.5 Time limits28

2.2 Complaint and initiation30

2.2.1 On behalf of a Community industry/Standing34

2.2.2 Confidentiality of the complaint38

2.2.3 Non-confidential version of the complaint39

2.2.4 Selectivity of the complaint40

2.2.5 Withdrawal of the complaint41

2.2.6 Rejection of the complaint45

2.2.7 Initiation47

2.2.8 Self-initiation49

2.2.9 Proceeding vs.investigation50

2.3 Investigation techniques51

2.3.1 Interested parties51

2.3.2 Questionnaires52

Non-confidential version of the questionnaire response55

Deadline for the questionnaire response55

Related parties56

2.3.3 Investigation periods59

Developments after the investigation period61

2.3.4 Verifications63

Verification reports66

2.3.5 Facts available67

2.3.6 Procedural safeguards71

Confidentiality of information73

Access to the file and possibility to comment76

Hearings78

Confrontation meetings79

Explanation of essential facts and considerations； pre-disclosure, provisional disclosure and final disclosure80

2.3.7 Sampling of interested parties83

CHAPTER 3: PROTECTIVE ACTION/TERMINATION91

3 Introduction91

3.1 Undertakings91

3.1.1 General91

3.1.2 Refusal to accept undertakings94

3.1.3 Main contents of price undertakings98

3.1.4 Quantitative restrictions99

3.1.5 Other forms of export restraints100

3.1.6 Newcomers101

3.1.7 Violation of or withdrawal from undertakings101

3.2 Anti-dumping duties105

3.2.1 General105

3.2.2 Scope； product definition； product exclusion107

3.2.3 Country of origin, production or export?/transshipments113

3.2.4 Lesser duty rule； injury margins117

3.2.5 Non-discriminatory application of anti-dumping duties118

3.2.6 Cumulation anti-dumping and countervailing duties122

3.2.7 Cumulation anti-dumping duties and quantitative restrictions125

3.2.8 Form of the duty127

3.2.9 Residual duty133

Non-cooperating producers136

Newcomers138

3.2.10 Collection of anti-dumping duties141

3.2.11 Inward processing141

3.2.12 Correction clerical errors/amendments142

3.2.13 Provisional anti-dumping duties143

3.2.14 Definitive anti-dumping duties145

3.2.15 Definitive collection of provisional duties146

3.2.16 Retro-active application of anti-dumping duties148

Registration procedure149

3.2.17 Special monitoring150

3.3 Termination without protective measures152

CHAPTER 4: ADMINISTRATIVE REVIEW/REFUNDS/SUSPENSION155

4.1 Review possibilities155

4.1.1 Interim review159

Procedure159

Commission practice160

Product exclusion/inclusion165

Scope of review169

4.1.2 Expiry review171

Procedure171

Commission practice175

4.1.3 Newcomer review186

4.2 Refunds190

4.2.1 Procedure191

4.2.2 Commission practice193

4.3 Suspension of anti-dumping measures198

CHAPTER 5: JUDICIAL REVIEW203

5 Introduction203

5.1 Article 263（4） TFEU: the Action for Annulment205

5.1.1 Reviewable acts206

Initiation of anti-dumping proceeding207

Initiation of review investigation208

Initiation of anti-circumvention investigation208

Refusal to initiate anti-dumping proceeding208

Refusal request for access to the non-confidential file210

Council failure to adopt a Commission proposal to impose definitive measures210

Decision to terminate a proceeding without protective measures211

Decisions taken in the course of the investigation211

5.1.2 Decision which although in the form of a Regulation is of direct and individual concern to the Applicant212

Direct concern213

Individual concern213

Exporters and producers214

Importers218

Complainants/EU producers222

5.1.3 A regulatory act, which is of a direct concern and does not entail implementing measures223

5.1.4 The scope of review224

5.1.5 Consequences of Annulment of a Regulation226

5.2 Article 267 TFEU: Preliminary ruling227

5.3 Article 265 TFEU: Failure to act228

5.4 Article 272 jo.Article 340 TFEU: Damages229

5.5 Article 201 TFEU: Interim relief231

5.6 The General Court231

5.7 Conclusions232

PART 2:SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS235

CHAPTER 6:THE DUMPING DETERMINATION235

6 Introduction235

6.1 Export Price237

6.1.1 Middlemen/trading houses239

6.1.2 Construction of the export price242

When will the export price be constructed?243

Which costs will be deducted?244

Which profit will be deducted?249

6.2 Normal value251

6.2.1 Home market sales251

Five percent rule251

Price paid or payable254

Ordinary course of trade254

Related parties255

Selective normal value； exclusion of certain domestic sales channels259

Compensatory arrangements261

Like product262

Product control numbers [PCNs]263

Exporting country or country of origin268

Normal value for middlemen/trading houses268

6.2.2 No, insufficient or unreliable sales in the home market269

Third country exports271

Constructed value271

Cost of manufacture277

Selling, general & administrative expenses [SGA]286

Profit291

6.2.3 Sales below cost of production295

Conditions295

Calculation of normal value296

6.2.4 Imports from non-market economy countries298

Definition non-market economy country298

Calculation normal value299

The choice of the analogue country299

Domestic prices, third country exports or constructed value?306

Imposition of anti-dumping duties in the case of non-market economy countries； one country/ one duty rule307

Market economy treatment308

MET/IT claim form309

Procedural steps312

Commission practice on MET316

Analysis of MET results323

Individual treatment325

Commission practice on IT326

6.2.5 Country of origin, production or export?/ transshipments330

Applicable WTO/GATT and EC law330

Commission practice332

6.3 Adjustments （netting back）334

6.3.1 Physical characteristics338

6.3.2 Import charges and indirect taxes340

6.3.3 Discounts, rebates and quantities345

6.3.4 Level of trade/symmetry348

Article 2（10）（d）351

Original equipment manufacturer [OEM] sales354

Identification of OEM sales355

OEM normal value355

OEM export price356

Article 2（10）（k）356

6.3.5 Transport, insurance, handling, loading and ancillary costs357

6.3.6 Packing359

6.3.7 Credit359

6.3.8 After-sales costs361

6.3.9 Commissions362

6.4 The comparison364

6.4.1 Negative dumping368

6.4.2 Currency conversions378

6.4.3 Sale and date of sale380

6.5 The dumping margin382

6.5.1 Examples of dumping margin calculations382

6.5.2 De minimis dumping385

6.6 Sampling of types of products or transactions386

CHAPTER 7: THE INJURY DETERMINATION389

7 Introduction389

7.1 The like product392

7.1.1 The “like product” determination392

7.1.2 Absence of “like product” data394

7.2 The domestic industry395

7.2.1 The standard situation395

Standing395

Integrated producers396

Production in the EC398

7.2.2 Regional industries402

7.2.3 Conflicts of interest: related parties sensu lato403

Community producer/importer404

Related parties sensu stricto407

7.3 Injury409

7.3.1 Cumulation409

Decumulation412

7.3.2 Material injury sensu stricto415

Volume of dumped imports421

Prices of dumped imports425

Impact of dumped imports on the Community industry427

7.3.3 Threat of material injury434

7.3.4 Material retardation438

7.4 Causation438

7.4.1 General438

7.4.2 Margins analysis450

7.4.3 Technical dumping451

7.4.4 Competition arguments453

CHAPTER 8:INJURY MARGINS461

8 Introduction461

8.1 Outline463

8.2 The importance of injury margins463

8.3 Conventional techniques of calculating injury margins464

8.3.1 General assessments464

8.3.2 Price undercutting: price comparison464

8.3.3 Underselling: target prices470

Which cost of production?473

Which profit?473

8.3.4 Global, individual or semi-individual injury margins?477

8.4 Special cases479

8.4.1 Footwear480

8.4.2 Audio tapes in cassettes481

8.4.3 Dicyanmide485

8.5 Conclusions and recommendations486

CHAPTER 9: COMMUNITY INTEREST489

9 Introduction489

9.1 Procedure490

9.2 Commission practice492

PART 3: DIVERSION AND ANTI-DIVERSION RULES505

CHAPTER 10: ANTI-CIRCUMVENTION MEASURES505

10 Introduction505

10.1 The Article 13 anti-circumvention provisions505

10.1.1 The general rule of Article 13 （1）506

Practice, process or work506

Change in the pattern of trade508

Insufficient due cause or economic justification509

Undermining the remedial effects of the duty510

Evidence of dumping511

10.1.2 The specific rule of Article 13 （2） for assembly operations512

Timing of the assembly operation514

Value-of-parts test515

Value-added test520

Undermining the remedial effects of the duty521

Evidence of dumping522

10.1.3 Are Article 13 （1） and 13 （2） mutually exclusive?522

10.1.4 Procedure523

10.1.5 Registration and exemptions525

10.1.6 WTO-compatibility of Article 13528

10.2 Origin investigations529

10.2.1 Procedure534

The official procedure534

The informal procedure535

Ruling requests/BOI536

Judicial review538

10.2.2 Substantive concepts539

10.2.3 Problematic product specific origin Regulations of the EC540

10.2.4 Value-added calculation methods541

Older cases543

Roll-up test544

Tracing test544

Parts manufactured in-house544

Examples544

Compact disc players and colour televisions545

Compact disc players546

Colour televisions546

Transfer pricing546

Currency conversions； exchange rates547

10.2.5 The interpretation of the origin rules by the European Court of Justice549

10.2.6 The WTO Agreement on rules of origin556

10.3 Input dumping558

10.4 General rule 2（a）560

CHAPTER 11:ANTI-ABSORPTION RULES565

11.1 The legislative framework565

11.2 Commission practice567

APPENDICES583

BIBLIOGRAPHY737

INDEX747