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1 Measurement1

1-1 Physical Quantities，Standards，and Units1

1-2 Reference Frames2

1-3 Standard of Length3

1-4 Standard of Time4

1-5 Systems of Units7

2 Vectors11

2-1 Vectors and Scalars11

2-2 Addition of Vectors，Geometrical Method12

2-3 Resolution and Addition of Vectors，Analytic Method13

2-4 Multiplication of Vectors18

3 Motion in One Dimension25

3-1 Mechanics25

3-2 Particle Kinematics25

3-3 Average Velocity26

3-4 Instantaneous Velocity27

3-5 One-Dimensional Motion—Variable Velocity28

3-6 Acceleration31

3-7 One-Dimensional Motion—Variable Acceleration32

3-8 One-Dimensional Motion—Constant Acceleration32

3-9 Consistency of Units and Dimensions35

3-10 Freely Falling Bodies36

4 Motion in a Plane43

4-1 Displacement，Velocity，and Acceleration43

4-2 Motion in a Plane with Constant Acceleration44

4-3 Projectile Motion45

4-4 Uniform Circular Motion48

4-5 Relative Velocity and Acceleration51

5 Particle Dynamics59

5-1 Introduction59

5-2 Classical Mechanics59

5-3 Newton’s First Law61

5-4 Force62

5-5 Mass；Newton’s Second Law63

5-6 Newton’s Third Law65

5-7 Systems of Mechanical Units68

5-8 The Force Laws69

5-9 Weight and Mass70

5-10 A Static Procedure for Measuring Forces72

5-11 Some Applications of Newton’s Laws of Motion72

5-12 Frictional Forces78

5-13 The Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion82

6 Work and Energy95

6-1 Introduction95

6-2 Work Done by a Constant Force96

6-3 Work Done by a Variable Force—One Dimensional Case99

6-4 Work Done by a Variable Force—Two-Dimensional Case101

6-5 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem102

6-6 Significance of the Work-Energy Theorem105

6-7 Power105

7 The Conservation of Energy109

7-1 Introduction109

7-2 Conservative Forces109

7-3 Potential Energy113

7-4 One-Dimensional Conservative Systems116

7-5 Total Energy and the Potential Energy Curve120

7-6 Two-and Three-Dimensional Conservative Systems121

7-7 Nonconservative Forces123

7-8 The Conservation of Energy125

7-9 Mass and Energy126

8 Conservation of Linear Momentum135

8-1 Center of Mass135

8-2 Motion of the Center of Mass139

8-3 Linear Momentum of a Particle141

8-4 Linear Momentum of a System of Particles142

8-5 Conservation of Linear Momentum143

8-6 Some Applications of the Momentum Principle144

9 Collisions153

9-1 What is a Collision？153

9-2 Impulse and Momentum155

9-3 Conservation of Momentum during Collisions155

9-4 Collisions in One Dimension157

9-5 Collisions in Two and Three Dimensions161

9-6 Cross Section164

9-7 Reactions and Decay Processes165

10 Rotational Kinematics173

10-1 Rotational Motion173

10-2 Rotational Kinematics—The Variables174

10-3 Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration176

10-4 Relation between Linear and Angular Kinematics for a Particle in Circular Motion177

11 Rotational Dynamics and the Conservation of Angular Momentum183

11-1 Introduction183

11-2 Torque Acting on a Particle183

11-3 Angular Momentum of a Particle186

11-4 Systems of Particles189

11-5 Kinetic Energy of Rotation and Rotational Inertia190

11-6 Rotational Dynamics of a Rigid Body193

11-7 Conservation of Angular Momentum199

11-8 Rotational Dynamics—A Review204

12 Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies209

12-1 The Equilibrium of a Rigid Body209

12-2 Center of Gravity211

12-3 Examples of Equilibrium213

13 Oscillations223

13-1 Oscillations223

13-2 The Simple Harmonic Oscillator225

13-3 Simple Harmonic Motion228

13-4 Energy Considerations in Simple Harmonic Motion232

13-5 Applications of Simple Harmonic Motion236

13-6 Relation between Simple Harmonic Motion and Uniform Circular Motion238

13-7 Combinations of Harmonic Motions241

14 Gravitation247

14-1 The Law of Universal Gravitation247

14-2 The Constant of Universal Gravitation，G250

14-3 Inertial and Gravitational Mass and the Principle of Equivalence253

14-4 Gravitational Effect of a Spherical Distribution of Mass255

14-5 Gravitational Acceleration，g258

14-6 The Gravitational Field261

14-7 The Motions of Planets and Satellites262

14-8 Gravitational Potential Energy265

14-9 Potential Energy for Many-Particle Systems268

14-10 Energy Considerations in the Motions of Planets and Satellites269

15 Fluid Mechanics277

15-1 Fluids277

15-2 Pressure and Density277

15-3 The Variation of Pressure in a Fluid at Rest278

15-4 Pascal’s Principle and Archimedes’ Principle281

15-5 Measurement of Pressure283

15-6 Fluid Dynamics284

15-7 Streamlines and the Equation of Continuity286

15-8 Bernoulli’s Equation287

15-9 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation and the Equation of Continuity289

16 Waves in Elastic Media299

16-1 Mechanical Waves299

16-2 Types of Waves300

16-3 Traveling Waves302

16-4 Wave Speed in a Stretched String305

16-5 Power and Intensity in Wave Motion308

16-6 The Superposition Principle309

16-7 Interference of Waves310

16-8 Standing Waves313

16-9 Resonance316

17 Sound Waves323

17-1 Audible，Ultrasonic，and Infrasonic Waves323

17-2 Propagation and Speed of Longitudinal Waves324

17-3 Traveling Longitudinal Waves327

17-4 Vibrating Systems and Sources of Sound329

17-5 Beats332

17-6 The Doppler Effect334

18 Temperature343

18-1 Macroscopic and Microscopic Descriptions343

18-2 Thermal Equilibrium—The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics344

18-3 Measuring Temperature345

18-4 Ideal Gas Temperature Scale347

18-5 The Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales348

18-6 The International Practical Temperature Scale349

18-7 Temperature Expansion350

19 Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics357

19-1 Heat，a Form of Energy357

19-2 Quantity of Heat and Specific Heat358

19-3 Heat Conduction360

19-4 The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat362

19-5 Heat and Work363

19-6 The First Law of Thermodynamics365

19-7 Some Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics366

20 Kinetic Theory of Gases375

20-1 Introduction375

20-2 Ideal Gas—A Macroscopic Description376

20-3 Ideal Gas—A Microscopic Description378

20-4 Kinetic Calculation of the Pressure379

20-5 Kinetic Interpretation of Temperature382

20-6 Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas383

20-7 Equipartition of Energy386

20-8 Mean Free Path391

20-9 Distribution of Molecular Speeds393

21 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics401

21-1 Introduction401

21-2 Reversible and Irreversible Processes401

21-3 The Carnot Cycle403

21-4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics407

21-5 The Efficiency of Engines409

21-6 Entropy—Reversible Processes411

21-7 Entropy—Irreversible Processes413

21-8 Entropy and the Second Law415

22 Charge and Matter421

22-1 Electromagnetism421

22-2 Electric Charge422

22-3 Conductors and Insulators423

22-4 Coulomb’s Law423

22-5 Charge is Quantized427

22-6 Charge and Matter427

22-7 Charge is Conserved429

23 The Electric Field433

23-1 The Electric Field433

23-2 The Electric Field E434

23-3 Lines of Force435

23-4 Calculation of E437

23-5 A Point Charge in an Electric Field440

23-6 A Dipole in an Electric Field442

24 Gauss’s Law449

24-1 Flux of the Electric Field449

24-2 Gauss’s Law452

24-3 Gauss’s Law and Coulomb’s Law452

24-4 An Insulated Conductor453

24-5 Experimental Proof of Gauss’s and Coulomb’s Laws454

24-6 Gauss’s Law—Some Applications455

25 Electric Potential465

25-1 Electric Potential465

25-2 Potential and the Electric Field468

25-3 Potential Due to a Point Charge470

25-4 A Group of Point Charges472

25-5 Potential Due to a Dipole474

25-6 Electric Potential Energy475

25-7 Calculation of E From V478

25-8 An Insulated Conductor480

25-9 The Electrostatic Generator481

26 Capacitors and Dielectrics489

26-1 Capacitance489

26-2 Calculating Capacitance492

26-3 Parallel-Plate Capacitor with Dielectric494

26-4 Dielectrics—An Atomic View496

26-5 Dielectrics and Gauss’s Law498

26-6 Energy Storage in an Electric Field499

27 Current and Resistance507

27-1 Current and Current Density507

27-2 Resistance，Resistivity，and Conductivity510

27-3 Ohm’s Law512

27-4 Resistivity—An Atomic View514

27-5 Energy Transfers in an Electric Circuit516

28 Electromotive Force and Circuits521

28-1 Electromotive Force521

28-2 Calculating the Current523

28-3 Other Single-Loop Circuits524

28-4 Potential Differences525

28-5 Multiloop Circuits528

28-6 RC Circuits530

29 The Magnetic Field537

29-1 The Magnetic Field537

29-2 The Deffnition of B538

29-3 Magnetic Force on a Current541

29-4 Torque on a Current Loop542

29-5 The Hall Effect545

29-6 Circulating Charges546

29-7 The Cyclotron548

29-8 Thomson’s Experiment550

30 Ampere’s Law557

30-1 Ampere’s Law557

30-2 B Near a Long Wire561

30-3 Lines of R562

30-4 Two Parallel Conductors563

30-5 B for a Solenoid565

30-6 The Biot-Savart Law568

31 Faraday’s Law577

31-1 Faraday’s Experiments577

31-2 Faraday’s Law of Induction578

31-3 Lenz’s Law579

31-4 Induction—A Quantitative Study581

31-5 Time-Varying Magnetic Fields584

31-6 The Betatron587

32 Inductance597

32-1 Inductance597

32-2 Calculation of Inductance598

32-3 An LR Circuit600

32-4 Energy and the Magnetic Field603

32-5 Energy Density and the Magnetic Field605

33 Magnetic Properties of Matter611

33-1 Poles and Dipoles611

33-2 Gauss’s Law for Magnetism614

33-3 Paramagnetism615

33-4 Diamagnetism617

33-5 Ferromagnetism619

34 Electromagnetic Oscillations625

34-1 LC Oscillations625

34-2 Analogy to Simple Harmonic Motion628

34-3 Electromagnetic Oscillations—Quantitative629

34-4 Induced Magnetic Fields632

34-5 Displacement Current634

34-6 Maxwell’s Equations635

35 Electromagnetic Waves639

35-1 Introduction639

35-2 Radiation Sources640

35-3 Traveling Waves and Maxwell’s Equations641

35-4 Energy and the Poynting Vector646

35-5 Momentum648

35-6 Polarization649

35-7 The Electromagnetic Spectrum653

35-8 The Speed of Light654

35-9 Moving Sources and Observers657

35-10 Doppler Effect660

36 Geometrical Optics669

36-1 Geometrical Optics669

36-2 Reflection and Refraction—Plane Waves and Plane Surfaces669

36-3 Huygens’ Principle672

36-4 The Law of Refraction673

36-5 Total Internal Reflection675

36-6 Brewster’s Law676

36-7 Spherical Waves—Plane Mirror678

36-8 Spherical Waves—Spherical Mirror681

36-9 Spherical Waves—Spherical Refracting Surface686

36-10 Thin Lenses689

37 Interference703

37-1 Wave Optics703

37-2 Young’s Experiment705

37-3 Coherence708

37-4 Intensity of Interfering Waves710

37-5 Interference from Thin Films714

37-6 Michelson’s Interferometer718

38 Diffraction，Gratings，and Spectra725

38-1 Diffraction725

38-2 Single Slit728

38-3 Diffraction from a Single Slit—Qualitative730

38-4 Diffraction from a Single Slit—Quantitative732

38-5 Diffraction from a Circular Aperture735

38-6 Diffraction from a Double Slit738

38-7 Multiple Slits741

38-8 Diffraction Gratings744

38-9 Resolving Power of a Grating746

38-10 X-ray Diffraction748

39 Light and Quantum Physics757

39-1 Sources of Light757

39-2 Cavity Radiators758

39-3 Planck’s Radiation Formula760

39-4 Photoelectric Effect763

39-5 Einstein’s Photon Theory765

39-6 The Compton Effect766

39-7 Line Spectra770

39-8 Atomic Models—The Bohr Hydrogen Atom771

39-9 The Correspondence Principle776

40 Waves and Particles781

40-1 Matter Waves781

40-2 Atomic Structure and Standing Waves784

40-3 Wave Mechanics784

40-4 Meaning of ψ787

40-5 The Uncertainty Principle789

Appendices795

A Physical Standards and Constants795

B Some Terrestrial Data797

C The Solar System798

D Periodic Table of the Elements799

E Conversion Factors800

F Mathematical Symbols and the Greek Alphabet807

G Mathematical Formulas808

H Values of Trigonometric Functions811

I Nobel Prize Winners in Physics813

Index817