产业生态学 第2版·影印版PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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PART Ⅰ INTRODUCING THE FIELD1

Chapter 1 Humanity and Environment1

1.1 The Tragedy of the Commons1

1.2 The Master Equation5

1.3 The Grand Objectives8

1.3.1 Linking the Grand Objectives to Environmental Science9

1.3.2 Targeted Activities of Technological Societies11

1.3.3 Actions for an Industrialized Society12

1.4 Addressing the Challenge14

Further Reading15

Exercises15

Chapter 2 The Industrial Ecology Concept17

2.1 From Contemporaneous Thinking to Forward Thinking17

2.2 Linking Industrial Activity and Environmental and Social Sciences20

2.3 Key Questions of Industrial Ecology21

2.4 An Overview21

Further Reading23

Exercises23

Chapter 3 Technological Change and Evolving Risk25

3.1 Historical Patterns in Technological Evolution25

3.2 Approaches to Risk30

3.3 Risk Assessment33

3.4 Risk Communication35

3.5 Risk Management35

Further Reading37

Exercises38

PART Ⅱ THE PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND SOCIETAL FRAMEWORK39

Chapter 4 The Relevance of Biological Ecology to Technology39

4.1 Considering the Analogy39

4.2 Biological and Industrial Organisms40

4.3 Food Chains: Networks of Nutrient and Energy Transfer43

4.4 Population Ecology47

4.5 Classification of Specific Linkages49

4.6 The Utility of the Ecological Approach52

Further Reading54

Exercises54

Chapter 5 The Status of Resources55

5.1 Introduction55

5.2 Depletion Times and Underabundant Resources55

5.3 Hitchhiker Resources57

5.4 Energy Resources58

5.4.1 Trading Energy for Mineral Resources58

5.4.2 Energy Sources58

5.4.3 Energy Resource Status58

5.5 Energetically Limited Mineral Resources60

5.6 Geographically Influenced Resource Availability61

5.7 Environmentally Limited Resources62

5.8 Cumulative Supply Curves63

5.9 Water Resources64

5.10 Summary65

Further Reading67

Exercises67

Chapter 6 Society and Culture68

6.1 Society, Culture, and Industrial Ecology68

6.2 Cultural Constructs and Temporal Scales69

6.3 The Private Firm in a Social Context72

6.4 Environmentalism, Technology, and Society72

Further Reading75

Exercises76

Chapter 7 Governments, Laws, and Economics77

7.1 National Governmental Structures and Actions77

7.2 International Governance Considerations80

7.3 Industrial Ecology and the Legal System81

7.3.1 Fundamental Legal Issues82

7.3.2 Legal Case Studies Relevant to Industrial Ecology84

7.4 Economics and Industrial Ecology86

7.4.1 Valuation86

7.4.2 Discount Rates87

7.4.3 Benefit-Cost Analysis87

7.4.4 Green Accounting88

7.4.5 Substitutability Versus Complementarity89

7.4.6 Externalities89

7.5 Finance, Capital, and Investment90

Further Reading92

Exercises92

PART Ⅲ DESIGN FOR ENVIRONMENT94

Chapter 8 Industrial Product Design and Development94

8.1 The Product Design Challenge94

8.2 Conceptual Tools for Product Designers96

8.2.1 The Pugh Selection Matrix96

8.2.2 The House of Quality97

8.3 Design for X97

8.4 Product Design Teams99

8.5 The Product Realization Process101

Further Reading103

Exercises104

Chapter 9 Industrial Process Design and Operation105

9.1 The Process Design Challenge105

9.2 Pollution Prevention106

9.3 The Challenge of Water Availability109

9.4 The Process Life Cycle111

9.4.1 Resource Provisioning112

9.4.2 Process Implementation112

9.4.3 Primary Process Operation112

9.4.4 Complementary Process Operation112

9.4.5 Refurbishment, Recycling, Disposal113

9.5 The Approach to Process Analysis113

9.5.1 The Process Itself114

9.5.2 The Process Equipment114

9.5.3 Complementary Processes115

9.6 Guidelines for Process Design and Operation115

9.7 Implications for Corporations116

Further Reading116

Exercises117

Chapter 10 Choosing Materials118

10.1 Materials Selection Considerations118

10.2 Materials and Environmental Hazards119

10.3 Materials Sources and Principal Uses121

10.3.1 Absolute Abundances121

10.3.2 Impacts of Materials Extraction and Processing122

10.3.3 Availability and Suitability of Post-Consumer Recycled Materials124

10.4 Materials Substitution126

10.5 Multiparameter Materials Selection128

10.6 Dematerialization134

10.7 Material Selection Guidelines134

Further Reading136

Exercises136

Chapter 11 Designing for Energy Efficiency137

11.1 Energy and Industry137

11.2 Primary Processing Industries139

11.3 Intermediate Processing Industries140

11.4 Analyzing Energy Use141

11.5 General Approaches to Minimizing Energy Use144

11.5.1 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC)144

11.5.2 Lighting144

11.5.3 On-Site Energy Generation144

11.5.4 Energy Housekeeping145

11.6 Summary147

Further Reading147

Exercises148

Chapter 12 Product Delivery149

12.1 Introduction149

12.2 General Packaging Considerations150

12.3 Solid Residue Considerations151

12.4 Liquid and Gaseous Emission Considerations155

12.5 Transportation and Installation155

12.6 Discussion and Summary156

Further Reading157

Exercises157

Chapter 13 Environmental Interactions During Product Use158

13.1 Introduction158

13.2 Solid Residue Generation During Product Use158

13.3 Liquid Residue Generation During Product Use159

13.4 Gaseous Residue Generation During Product Use159

13.5 Energy Consumption During Product Use160

13.6 Intentionally Dissipative Products161

13.7 Unintentionally Dissipative Products162

13.8 Design for Maintainability162

Further Reading165

Exercises165

Chapter 14 Design for End of Life166

14.1 Introduction166

14.2 General End-of-Life Considerations171

14.3 Remanufacturing173

14.4 Recycling173

14.4.1 Metals173

14.4.2 Plastics175

14.4.3 Forest Products176

14.5 Fastening Parts Together177

14.6 Planning for Recyclability177

14.6.1 Design for Disassembly177

14.6.2 Just-in-Case Designs180

14.6.3 Priorities for Recyclability180

Further Reading182

Exercises182

Chapter 15 An Introduction to Life-Cycle Assessment183

15.1 The Life Cycle of Industrial Products183

15.2 The LCA Framework186

15.3 Goal Setting and Scope Determination188

15.4 Defining Boundaries188

15.4.1 Life Stage Boundaries189

15.4.2 Level of Detail Boundaries189

15.4.3 The Natural Ecosystem Boundary190

15.4.4 Boundaries in Space and Time191

15.4.5 Choosing Boundaries191

15.5 Approaches to Data Acquisition191

Further Reading196

Exercises196

Chapter 16 The LCA Impact and Interpretation Stages197

16.1 LCA Impact Analysis197

16.2 Industrial Prioritization: The IVL/Volvo EPS System198

16.3 Interpretation Analysis204

16.3.1 Explicit and Implied Recommendations204

16.3.2 Prioritization Tables206

16.4 Prioritization Diagrams207

16.4.1 The Action-Agent Prioritization Diagram207

16.4.2 The Life-Stage Prioritization Diagram209

16.5 Discussion210

Further Reading211

Exercises212

Chapter 17 Streamlining the LCA Process214

17.1 The Assessment Continuum214

17.2 Preserving Perspective215

17.3 The SLCA Matrix216

17.4 Target Plots218

17.5 Assessing Generic Automobiles of Yesterday and Today218

17.6 SLCA Assets and Liabilities224

17.7 Discussion226

Further Reading226

Exercises227

Chapter 18 Using the Corporate Industrial Ecology Toolbox228

18.1 Stages and Scales in Industrial Environmental Management228

18.2 The First Stage: Regulatory Compliance228

18.3 The Second Stage: Pollution Prevention229

18.4 The Third Stage: Design for Environment230

18.5 Environmental Opportunities at the PRP Gates231

18.6 The Industrial Ecology Mechanic and the Toolbox234

18.7 Industrial Ecology Tools for the Service Sector235

Further Reading236

Exercises236

PART Ⅳ CORPORATE INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY237

Chapter 19 Managing Industrial Ecology in the Corporation237

19.1 Overview237

19.2 Environment as Strategic for the Firm238

19.3 Implementing Industrial Ecology in the Corporation239

19.3.1 Environmental Management Systems240

19.3.2 Tactical Organizational Structures242

19.3.3 Training Programs242

19.3.4 Technical Support242

19.3.5 The Triple Bottom Line243

Further Reading244

Exercises244

Chapter 20 Indicators and Metrics245

20.1 The Importance of Indicators and Metrics245

20.2 Metric Systems Development246

20.3 Industry-Level Metrics248

20.4 Metrics Displays and Metrics Aggregation251

20.5 Hierarchical Metrics Systems252

Further Reading254

Exercises254

Chapter 21 Services Technology and Environment256

21.1 Defining Services256

21.1.1 Type Alpha Services: The Customer Comes to the Service258

21.1.2 Type Beta Services: The Service Goes to the Customer259

21.1.3 Type Gamma Services: Remote Provisioning259

21.2 The Environmental Dimensions of Services261

21.3 The Industrial Ecology of Service Firms263

21.3.1 Leverage Suppliers263

21.3.2 Educate Customers264

21.3.3 Facilitate Environmentally Preferable Resource and Product Use Patterns264

21.3.4 Substitution of Services for Energy and Material Use265

21.3.5 Services as a Source of Quality of Life265

Further Reading266

Exercises266

PART Ⅴ SYSTEMS-LEVEL INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY268

Chapter 22 Industrial Ecosystems268

22.1 The Ecosystems Concept268

22.2 Industrial Symbiosis273

22.3 Designing and Developing Symbiotic Industrial Ecosystems275

22.4 Resource Flow in Industrial Ecosystems277

22.5 Pattern and Scale in Industrial Ecosystems279

22.6 The Utility of Mixed Ecological Approaches281

Further Reading283

Exercises283

Chapter 23 Metabolic and Resource Analyses284

23.1 Budgets and Cycles284

23.2 Metabolic Analyses in Industrial Ecology289

23.3 Resource Analyses in Industrial Ecology291

23.3.1 Elemental Analyses292

23.3.2 Molecular Analyses292

23.3.3 Substance Analyses294

23.3.4 Material Analyses294

23.4 The Balance Between Natural and Anthropogenic Mobilization of Resources296

23.5 The Utility of Metabolic and Resource Analyses297

Further Reading298

Exercises298

Chapter 24 Systems Analysis, Models, and Scenario Development299

24.1 Thinking at the Systems Level299

24.1.1 The Systems Concept299

24.1.2 The Automotive Technology System301

24.2 Models of Technological Systems305

24.2.1 The Concept of a Model305

24.2.2 Iron and Steel in the U. K.: A Model Example306

24.2.3 Model Validation306

24.3 Describing Possible Futures308

24.3.1 The Utility of Scenarios308

24.3.2 The IMAGE Model for Climate Change309

24.3.3 IPCC 2000 Scenarios311

24.4 Developing a Predictive Industrial Ecology313

Further Reading314

Exercises315

Chapter 25 Earth Systems Engineering and Management316

25.1 Introducing the Concept316

25.2 Examples of ESEM, Implemented and Proposed317

25.2.1 Brownfields Restoration317

25.2.2 Dredging the Waters318

25.2.3 Restoring Regional-Scale Wetlands318

25.2.4 Combating Global Warming318

25.3 The Principles of ESEM323

25.3.1 Theoretical Principles of ESEM323

25.3.2 Governance Principles of ESEM323

25.3.3 Design and Engineering Principles of ESEM324

25.4 Facing the ESEM Question324

Further Reading326

Exercises327

Chapter 26 The Future of Industrial Ecology328

26.1 Industrial Ecology in the Midst of Change328

26.2 The Industrial Ecology Hardware Store329

26.2.1 Tools for the Product and Process Designer330

26.2.2 Tools for the Corporate Manager330

26.2.3 Tools for the Service Provider330

26.2.4 Tools for the Systematist331

26.2.5 Tools for the Policy Maker331

26.3 Industrial Ecology as an Evolving Science331

26.4 An Industrial Ecology Research Roadmap335

26.4.1 Theoretical Industrial Ecology Goals336

26.4.2 Experimental Industrial Ecology Goals336

26.4.3 Applied Industrial Ecology Goals337

26.5 Redefining the Challenge338

Further Reading338

Appendix A Electronic Solder Alternatives: A Detailed Case Study339

Appendix B Units of Measurement in Industrial Ecology349

Glossary351

Index357