EIGHTH EDITION TECHNIQUES OF CRIME SCENEI NVESTIGATIONPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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1 Introduction1

Classification and Individualization of Physical Evidence5

Collection and Preservation of Physical Evidence8

Important Considerations in Crime Scene Investigations15

Courtroom Testimony Tips22

Before Going to Court22

Giving Expert Testimony22

Cross -Examination23

Other Points23

Teamwork24

Professional Development24

Chapter Questions25

2 First Officer at the Crime Scene27

The Case of the Lady in Cement27

First Officer at the Scene30

Recording the Time35

When a Suspect Is Found at the Scene35

Entering the Scene Proper36

Protecting the Integrity of the Scene37

Injured Person on the Scene38

Dead Person on the Scene39

Summoning the Coroner/Medical Examiner39

Firearms and Ammunition on the Scene40

What to Do Until Investigating Personnel Arrive41

Continued Protection of the Scene42

Chapter Questions48

3 The Crime Scene Investigator51

Introduction and Objectives51

Actual Examination of the Scene60

Chapter Questions65

4 Specialized Personnel at the Crime Scene67

Introduction67

Health and Safety Issues at Crime Scenes75

Terrorist Crime Scenes76

Conclusion77

Chapter Questions77

5 Processing the Crime Scene79

Plan of Action79

Note Taking79

Crime Scene Search81

Crime Scene Photography84

Types of Cameras84

Types of Media87

Number of Photographs87

Admissibility of Photographs92

Video92

Sketching the Crime Scene93

Information Included in Crime Scene Sketches94

Equipment94

Types of Sketches94

Locating Objects in the Sketch95

Computer Programs95

Admissibility of Sketches95

Collection of Evidence96

Chapter Questions100

6 Establishing Identity103

Fingerprints and Palm Prints103

How Does Fingerprint Evidence Occur?103

Where to Look for Fingerprints104

Different Types of Fingerprints107

Fingerprint Developing Techniques108

Development with Powders108

Lasers and Alternative Light Sources115

Image Processing117

Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems117

Preservation Techniques118

Preservation by Photography118

Preservation of Plastic Fingerprints118

Preservation with Fingerprint-Lifting Tape119

How Long Does a Fingerprint Remain on an Object?119

Effect of Temperature Conditions on the Possibility of Developing Fingerprints120

Examination of Developed Fingerprints120

Palm Prints120

Prints from the Sole of the Foot120

Ear, Lip, and Other Prints121

Packing Objects on Which Prints Are Found121

Taking Fingerprints for Elimination121

Prints of Gloves121

Prints of Other Coverings123

Latent Fingerprints on Human Skin124

Handwriting Examination124

Identification of Human Remains129

Taking Fingerprints131

Photographing135

Marks of Trades or Occupations136

Making a Description137

Deceased's Clothing138

Laundry Marks139

Watchmaker's Marks139

Jewelry140

Eyeglasses140

Teeth140

Medical Devices142

Facial Reconstruction142

Determination of Gender143

Determination of Age143

Length of Body144

Hair Color144

DNA as a Means of Identification144

Identification in Mass Disasters145

Chapter Questions149

7 Trace Evidence151

Introduction151

Sources of Trace Evidence155

Clothing155

Footwear157

Evidence from the Body157

Other Objects as Sources of Trace Evidence157

Collection and Preservation of Trace Evidence162

Examples of Trace Evidence163

Building Materials163

Asbestos164

Safe Insulation164

Paint164

Rust166

Metals166

Textiles and Fibers167

Buttons171

Cordage and Rope171

Cigarettes and Tobacco172

Matches174

Burned Paper174

Ash175

Soil175

Wood176

Chips and Splinters of Wood177

Sawdust, Wood Meal, or Particles of Finely Powdered Wood177

Plant Material177

Glass178

Broken Panes of Glass179

Glass Perforated by a Bullet180

Cracked or Burst Panes of Glass181

Glass Splinters182

Objects Left at the Crime Scene183

Paper183

Articles of Clothing183

Product Markings183

Foodstuffs184

Cosmetics184

Hair185

Feathers187

Electrical Wire187

Broken Tools188

Tape189

Headlamps189

Chapter Questions190

8 Blood, Forensic Biology, and DNA193

A Word of Caution!193

Contamination194

Bloodstain Pattern Analysis194

Presumptive Tests for Blood198

Searching for Bloodstains202

Description and Recording of Bloodstains205

Collection and Preservation of Bloodstains205

Removal of Bloodstains206

Bloodstained Objects206

Semen-Stained Objects207

Forensic DNA Typing209

PCR-Based Technology210

High Sensitivity DNA Testing/Touch DNA211

Mitochondrial DNA212

Y-STRs213

CODIS213

Forensic DNA and Unsolved Cases214

Partial Matches and Familial Searching215

Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods215

DNA Cases215

Molecular Autopsy217

Missing Persons218

Biogeographical Ancestry219

The Future219

Chapter Questions219

9 Impression Evidence221

Introduction221

Footprints226

Value of Footprints227

Preservation of Footwear and Tire Impressions228

Footprints on Floors228

Preservation of Footwear Evidence229

Photographing Footwear Impressions229

Casting with Dental Stone232

Casting Water-Filled Impressions232

Casting Impressions in Snow233

Preservation of Footprints (Dust Prints)234

Taking Comparison Footprints from a Suspect235

Comparison of Footprints235

Marks on Clothes and Parts of the Body236

Fabric Marks236

Tooth Marks238

Preservation of Bite Marks239

Casting Material for Bite Mark Evidence240

Tool Marks240

Preservation of Tool Marks242

Casting Tool Marks242

Trace Evidence on Tools242

Preserving a Tool245

Fragments of Tools246

Chapter Questions247

10 Firearms Examination249

Characteristics of Firearms249

Ammunition252

Firearms Evidence253

Gunshot Residue (GSR) Analysis254

Collecting Firearms Evidence256

Handling of Firearms259

Cartridge Cases263

Bullets266

Marking Bullets267

Small Shot271

Test Firing272

Powder Pattern Examination273

National Integrated Ballistic Information Network275

Chapter Questions276

11 Arson and Explosives279

Introduction279

Physical Evidence282

Explosives292

Low Explosives293

High Explosives294

Blasting Agents298

Military Explosives298

Homemade Explosives299

Bomb Scene Investigation301

Chapter Questions305

12 Illicit Drugs and Toxicology307

Psychoactive Drugs307

Central Nervous System Depressants307

Central Nervous System Stimulants309

Hallucinogens312

Cannabis312

Designer Drugs314

Steroids315

Nonprescription Drugs315

Inhalants316

Crime Scene Search316

Searching a Suspect316

Searching a Dwelling317

Searching a Vehicle317

Clandestine Drug Laboratories318

Collection and Preservation of Evidence320

Field Investigation Drug Officer322

Toxicology323

U.S. DEA Drug Schedule Classification324

Schedule Ⅰ324

Schedule Ⅱ325

Schedule Ⅲ325

Schedule Ⅳ325

Schedule Ⅴ325

Chapter Questions326

13 Investigating Sexual Assault329

Rape329

Preliminary Interview329

Medical Examination330

Date Rape Drugs336

Other Assaults337

Sexual Child Molestation and Incest337

Public Lewdness/Forcible Touching339

Conclusion340

Chapter Questions340

14 Burglary Investigation343

Points of Entry345

Entry through Windows345

Entry through Doors345

Entry through Basement Windows and Skylights348

Entry through Roofs348

Entry through Walls348

Entry through Floors350

Simulated Burglaries350

Detailed Examination of the Scene351

Safe Burglaries353

Safe Burglaries Using Explosives355

Chapter Questions358

15 Motor Vehicle Investigation361

Vehicle Theft361

Abandoned Vehicles364

Homicide in a Vehicle366

Hit-and-Run Investigation367

Marks from Vehicles372

Wheel Marks372

Skid Marks374

Chapter Questions377

16 Homicide Investigation379

Murder, Suicide, or Accident?380

Cause of Death380

Suicide381

Signs of Struggle383

Location of Weapon385

Examination of a Dead Body at the Crime Scene386

Murder388

Detailed Examination of the Scene of the Crime390

Outdoor Crime Scenes397

Discovering a Body Hidden at Another Location400

Investigation of a Greatly Altered Body or Skeleton401

Scene of Discovery403

Outdoors403

Indoors407

Packing and Transporting410

Examining Remains of Clothing and Other Objects411

Clothing411

Boots and Shoes412

Other Objects412

Estimating the Time of Death412

Postmortem Signs of Death412

Changes in the Eyes413

Temperature of the Body413

Rigidity of the Body413

Lividity413

Decomposition of the Body414

Action of Insects and Other Animals on a Dead Body415

Other Indications of Time of Death417

Autopsy418

Injuries from External Mechanical Violence419

Abrasions419

Contusions or Bruises420

Crushing Wounds420

Bone Injuries421

Injuries from Sharp External Violence421

Cutting Wounds421

Stab Wounds422

Chopping Wounds426

Marks or Damage on Clothing426

Defense Injuries426

Firearm Injuries427

Bullet Injuries427

Close and Distant Shots429

Marks from Primers430

Traces from Bullets430

Traces from Cartridge Cases431

Traces from the Barrel of the Weapon431

Injuries from Small Shot431

Damage to Clothes from Shooting431

Modes of Death from Shooting431

Explosion Injuries433

Death by Suffocation434

Hanging434

Strangling436

Blocking of the Mouth or Nose438

Blocking of the Larynx and Air Passages439

Squeezing to Death439

Drowning439

Death from Electric Currents440

Violent Death in Fires440

Death by Freezing441

Death by Poisoning441

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning444

Rape-Homicide and Sexual Assault-Related Murders445

Infanticide and Child Abuse447

Trunk Murder, Dismemberment of the Body448

Accidental Death448

Serial Murders449

Chapter Questions450

17 Digital Evidence453

Computer Seizure454

Steps to Remember455

Collecting Video Evidence457

Determine if There Is a Video457

Stop the Recorder458

Confiscate the Recording Medium Immediately458

Document the Video System's Physical Relationship to the Crime Scene460

Seek Technical Assistance if Problems Occur460

Conclusion461

Chapter Questions462

Appendix A: Equipment for Crime Scene Investigations463

Appendix B: Forensic Science-Related Websites467

Bibliography473

Index495