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PART Ⅰ INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL LAW3

CHAPTER 1 THE DOMAIN OF INTERNATIONAL LAW3

CHAPTER 2 HISTORY OF THE LAW OF NATIONS11

A.Political and Economic History11

1.From Antiquity to the Middle Ages11

2.Medieval Customary Law12

3.The New State System13

4.Expansion to the Far East14

5.The United States Looks Outward15

6.First Steps Toward Institutional Dispute Resolution15

B.Illustrative Historical Topics16

1.State Jurisdiction16

2.War17

3.Humanitarian Intervention19

4.The Seabed20

5.Human Rights21

a.Origin and Development21

b.Human Rights and Natural Law24

C.Intellectual History of the Law of Nations25

1.The Classical Period25

2.The Medieval Period26

3.Gentili’s Law of War26

4.The Precursors of Grotius27

5.Vitoria on the Spanish Conquests28

6.Vitoria on “Just Wars”28

7.Grotius30

8.The Grotius-Selden Debate30

9.Assessment of Grotius31

10.The Grotian Tradition31

11.Bynkershoek， Pufendorf， and Vattel31

12.Vattel’s Influence32

13.The Path to Positivism33

14.Invention of the Term “International Law”34

15.Positivism at the Turn of the Century35

CHAPTER 3 IS INTERNATIONAL LAW “LAW”？37

PART Ⅱ PROFESSIONAL TOOLS51

CHAPTER 4 SOURCES OF GENERAL INTERNATIONAL LAW51

A.Custom51

1.Why Do We Need Customary Law？51

2.Incidents53

3.Finding Custom in An Incident58

4.Customary Law Doctrine61

5.A Reformulation of Customary Law65

6.A Seminar on Custom73

7.Criticism of the World Court’s View of Custom in the Nicaragua Case84

8.The Central Point of Custom86

9.Alternate Views of Custom89

a.DEBATE： Custom as Reasonableness89

b.Chinese Views of Custom94

B.Treaty-Based Rules of Custom94

C.General Principles of Law101

D.Decisions of National Courts102

E.Equity102

F.Writings of Publicists103

G.Consensus104

H.U.N.Resolutions105

1.Legal Effect of U.N.Resolutions105

2.Discussion106

3.An Example107

I.Protests107

J.The Persistent Objector： DEBATE110

1.The Persistent Objector Cannot Block General Custom110

2.The Persistent Objector Should Be Able to Block the Formation of General Custom114

K.Jus Cogens115

1.Definition115

2.Applications115

3.The Challenge to Sovereignty116

4.DEBATE116

a.It’s a Bird， it’s a Plane， it’s JUS COGENS！116

b.The Reality of Jus Cogens119

CHAPTER 5 SOURCES OF PARTICULAR INTERNATIONAL LAW121

A.Treaties121

1.Treaty Interpretation121

2.Rebus Sic Stantibus124

3.Reservations125

a.Multilateral Conventions125

（1） Background125

（2） A Stricter Rule126

（3） The Tyranny of Labels127

（4） The Vienna Convention’s Approach127

（5） A Liberal Rule128

（6） The Effect of Formality on Impermissible Reservations129

（7） The World Court Strikes Down a Reservation130

（8） Egypt’s Reservations to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women130

b.World Court Jurisdiction139

4.Compliance145

B.Soft Law148

1.Relative Normativity148

2.A Brief Response152

3.Informal Practice As Soft Law153

4.The Importance of Soft Law153

5.Human Rights As Soft Law154

6.The Many Forms of Agreement154

7.Why Are Some International Agreements Informal？154

C.Special Custom157

PART Ⅲ SUBSTANTIVE LAW AND THEORY165

CHAPTER 6 THE STATE165

A.Personality165

1.The Classical Conception of State Personality165

2.An Updating of the Classical Conception166

3.A Normative Critique of State Personality166

4.The Relation Between State and Individual168

5.The Torturer Speaks174

6.Torture as Raison d’Etat178

B.Nationality181

C.State Jurisdiction184

1.Criminal Jurisdiction184

a.Principles184

b.Desirable Limits187

2.Civil Jurisdiction187

3.Conflicts of Jurisdiction189

D.State Succession189

1.Introduction189

2.Basic Concepts190

3.Classical Criteria for Statehood191

4.State Continuity193

5.The Moving Boundary Doctrine195

6.Partition195

7.DEBATE： Secessionist Movements and Self-Determination196

a.The Primacy of Territoriality196

b.The Primacy of Human Rights201

8.Autonomy201

CHAPTER 7 HUMAN RIGHTS205

A.Introduction205

1.Reflections on Human Rights205

2.The Human Rights Revolution205

3.The Hierarchy of Human Rights206

B.Humanitarian Intervention208

1.Introduction208

2.Third-State Remedies208

3.DEBATE： Resolved that the U.S.Intervention in Panama Violated International Law208

CHAPTER 8 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW227

A.International Criminal Law as Part of Human Rights227

B.Rape229

C.A Taxonomy of the Laws of War230

D.Terrorism232

E.Terrorism and the Laws of War232

F.Defenses to War Crimes233

G.Environmental Crimes236

H.Extradition238

1.Overview238

2.The Political Offense Exception240

3.DEBATE： The U.S.-U.K.Supplementary Treaty is a Retrogressive Step in Extradition Law242

I.Abduction245

1.The Threat to World Order245

2.Facts of the Alvarez Case246

3.DEBATE： Abduction Does Not Violate the US-Mexico Extradition Treaty248

CHAPTER 9 GROUP RIGHTS255

A.Minority Rights255

B.Self-Determination256

C.Humanitarian Intervention and Self-Determination258

D.DEBATE： Group Freedom260

1.The Primacy of Individual Freedom260

2.The Primacy of Group Freedom267

CHAPTER 10 THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT269

A.DEBATE： Bioethics269

1.Our Duty to Future Generations269

2.The Duty We Owe to All Existing Forms of Life269

3.Reply273

4.Rejoinder275

5.Intervention275

B.Biodiversity276

C.Desertification278

D.Common Heritage279

E.Common Concern279

F.Elephants280

G.Whales： Their Emerging Right to Life285

CHAPTER 11 INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT303

A.Legislative Reach303

1.General Principles303

2.Countermeasures303

a.An Expansive View303

b.A Restrictive View304

3.Antitrust305

4.The Restatement’s New “Balancing Test”306

5.A Presumption in Favor of Extraterritoriality307

6.Export Controls308

7.Intellectual Property309

a.Problems309

b.Droit Moral310

B.Trade and the Environment310

C.Exhaustion of Local Remedies312

D.The Calvo Doctrine312

E.The Calvo Clause313

F.Espousal of Claims313

G.A Letter Requesting Espousal315

H.Dispute Resolution320

1.Negotiation320

2.Arbitration323

3.Third-Party Assistance324

4.Adjudication325

CHAPTER 12 EMERGING ISSUE AREAS327

A.Rights of the Child327

1.Background327

2.Discussion of Crosscountry Adoption328

3.The Need for Crosscountry Adoption329

B.AIDS333

C.The Right to Health334

D.Medical Experimentation335

E.Sale of Human Organs337

F.International Sports Law338

PART Ⅳ THE NORMATIVE DIMENSION347

CHAPTER 13 PEACE347

CHAPTER 14 JUSTICE351

A.The View From Political Theory351

B.The View From Moral Philosophy354

C.A Skeptical View358

D.A Test Case358

E.DEBATE： Resolved That Peace Is More Important Than Justice363

CHAPTER 15 DEMOCRACY367

A.The Emerging Democratic Entitlement367

B.Democratic Governance： An African Perspective373

C.What Kind of Democracy Do We Want to Export？375

CHAPTER 16 CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES381

A.The Political Science Critique381

1.Realist International Relations Theory381

2.Liberal International Relations Theory381

B.The Natural Law Critique384

1.The Inevitable Circularity384

2.Natural Law As a Form of Dispute Resolution385

C.The Systems Critique386

D.The Critical Legal Studies Critique388

E.DEBATE： The Feminist Critique of International Law389

F.DEBATE： The “Domestication” of International Law400

CHAPTER 17 THE FUTURE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW411

A.The Dysfunctional State411

B.The Rhetoric of Expectation411

C.International Consciousness412

D.Global Civilization414

INDEX421