AN INTERNATIONAL LAW PERSPCTIVE ON THE5PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE TRIPS AGREEMENTPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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1. Introduction1

Ⅰ. The Issue1

Ⅱ. Approach to the Argument of this Book9

Ⅲ. Focus of this Book10

Ⅳ. Scheme of this Book10

PART ONE PRELIMINARY15

2. The International Human Rights Context15

Ⅰ. The Right to Health in International Law15

A. Wide Recognition15

1. International Recognition16

2. National Recognition18

3. Significance of the Recognition23

B. Scope and Content of the Right to Health23

1. Scope24

2. Elements in Content25

(a) Curative and Preventive Elements25

(b) Underlying Preconditions26

(c) Essential Elements27

3. Obligations of States29

(a) Legal Obligations30

(Ⅰ) To Respect30

(Ⅱ) To Protect31

(Ⅲ) To Fulfil32

(b) International Obligations34

(c) Core Obligations34

4. Summary35

C. Public Health under the Right to Health36

1. The Right to Health Originates from Public Health36

2. The Right to Health Realises Public Health37

3. The Right to Health Depends on Public Health40

4. The Right to Health Limits other Rights under Public Health41

Ⅱ. The Right to Life in International Law - Refusal of Access to Life-Saving Facilities41

A. The Right to Life42

1. Scope of the Right to Life42

2. Content of the Right to Life44

B. Relationship between the Right to Life and the Right to Health46

C. Summary50

Ⅲ. The Right to Property and the Right to Fruits of Creation50

A. The Rights51

1. The Right to Property and Intellectual Property Rights51

(a) The Right to Property51

(b) Scope52

(c) Content55

(Ⅰ) Peaceful Enjoyment55

(Ⅱ) Interference with Property55

(Ⅲ) Legality of Interference56

(d) The Implication57

(Ⅰ) Compulsory Licensing Interference57

(Ⅱ) Status of the Norm58

2. The Right to Fruits of Creation and Patent Rights59

(a) UDHR and ICESCR59

(b) Scope and Content60

(c) Summary63

B. Human Rights Approach to Patents64

1. History and Justification of Patent Protection64

(a) The Development of Patent Protection64

(b) Justifications66

2. Connections between Human Rights and Patent70

(a) Views70

(b) Relationships between the Two Regimes71

(ⅰ) Right to the Benefits of Scientific Progress and Patent71

(ⅱ) Balance with Other Human Rights73

3. Conflict or Coexistence between Human Rights Norms and TRIPS75

Ⅰ. TRIPS and the Right to Health75

A. The History of TRIPS76

B. Patent Protection in TRIPS and the Right to Health78

1. Intellectual Property Protection in TRIPS78

2. Pharmaceutical Patent Protection and the Right to Health79

(a) Article 27 (1) - Non-discrimination79

(b) Article 27(2) - The Exclusion and Its Proviso80

(c) Article 8(1) - The Principles and The "Limitation"80

Ⅱ. Limitation and Derogation in the Regimes - an Internal Mechanism81

A. Limitation and Derogation in Human Rights81

1. Limitation82

(a) Clauses82

(b) Elements84

(Ⅰ) Principle of Legality84

(Ⅱ) General Welfare in Democratic Society86

(c) Grounds87

(Ⅰ) Public Order and Ordre Public87

(Ⅱ) Morality and Public Morals88

(Ⅲ) Public Health88

2. Derogation-Public Emergency90

3. Application90

B. Use of Limitation and Derogation Language in TRIPS92

1. Terms used in TRIPS and in WTO Jurisprudence92

(a) Terms used in TRIPS92

(b) WTO Jurisprudence95

2. Two-tiered Test under GATT Article XX97

(a) The Test97

(b) TRIPS and the Article XX Two-tiered Test100

C. Relationship of the Concepts in the Two Regimes101

Ⅲ. Human Rights in TRIPS-Is an External Mechanism Needed101

A. Integration or Fragmentation104

B. Resolution of the Conflict107

PART TWO INTERPRETATION OF TRIPS115

4. Rules of Interpretation of Public International Law115

Ⅰ. Application of VCLT by the WTO115

A. Article 31(1) of VCLT and Its Application116

1. Ordinary Meaning-Article 31(1)116

2. Application118

B. Contextual Material-Article 31(2) of VCLT120

C. Article 31(3) of VCLT and Its Application121

1. Non-contextual Materials-Article 31(3)121

(a) Subsequent Agreement-Article 31 (3)(a)122

(b) Subsequent Practice-Article 31(3)(b)122

(c) Relevant Rules of International Law Article 31(3)(c)125

(Ⅰ) Scope125

(Ⅱ) Parties127

(Ⅲ) Inter-temporality128

(d) Application Relationship130

2. Application of Article 31 (3)(c) in WTO130

D. Supplementary Means - Article 32 and Its Application132

1. Article 32132

2. Application133

E. Summary134

Ⅱ. Consistent Interpretation of TRIPS and WTO Laws134

A. TRIPS and Other Covered Agreements134

1. Historical Link135

2. Textual Link136

B. TRIPS and Incorporated Conventions138

Ⅲ. Evolutionary Interpretation139

5. Examination of TRIPS in Light of the Interpretive Analyses143

Ⅰ. Coverage and Flexibilities Offered by TRIPS143

Ⅱ. Object and Purpose of TRIPS146

A. Ordinary Language Used in TRIPS146

1. Preamble147

2. Articles 7 and 8150

3. Summary154

B. Subsequent Agreement and Practice154

1. Doha Declaration154

2. The 2003 Decision157

3. 2005 Decision-Proposed Amendment of Article 31bis158

Ⅲ. Interpreting Specific Provisions160

A. Article 27 - Non-discrimination and Exclusion of Protection160

1. Patentability160

(a) Three Criteria161

(b) Interpretation162

2. Non-discrimination163

(a) Place, Product and Process, and Field of Technology163

(b) Canada - Pharmaceutical Patents164

(c) Open-endedness165

3. Interpreting Open-ended Language165

4. Second Use Patent167

(a) Ordinary Meaning167

(b) Contextual Interpretation169

5. Exclusion of Patentability169

(a) Ordre Public or Morality170

(Ⅰ) Contextual Interpretation170

(Ⅱ) Relationship with GATT Article XX(b)174

(Ⅲ) Summary176

(b) Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Surgical Methods177

(c) Plants and Animals177

B. Article 28 - Rights Conferred178

1. Product and Process Patents179

(a) Product Patents179

(b) Process Patents180

2. Exhaustion in Article 6181

C. Article 6 - Exhaustion of Rights182

1. The Article182

(a) Parallel Import and Exhaustion182

(Ⅰ) Exhaustion of Rights182

(Ⅱ) Parallel Import184

(b) Open Interpretation185

2. Relationship with GATT and Incorporated Conventions186

(a) Relationship with Paris Convention186

(b) Relationship with GATT187

(Ⅰ) Relationship187

(Ⅱ) Interpretation of Relationship188

D. Article 31 - Compulsory Licensing191

1. The Title and Chapeau193

2. Individual Merits194

3. Circumstances194

(a) Prior Negotiation195

(b) National Emergency and Extreme Urgency196

(c) Public Non-commercial Use198

4. Scope and Duration202

(a) Duration-Temporary203

(b) Scope-Proportional204

5. Domestic Supply and the Paragraph 6 Problem204

(a) The Problem204

(Ⅰ) Legal Issues206

(Ⅱ) Economic Scale Concern207

(Ⅲ) Practical Issues207

(b) Subsequent Agreement210

(Ⅰ) Legal Value and Objective of the 2003 Decision and 2005 Decision211

(Ⅱ) Clarification of Practical Issues214

(c) Subsequent Practice217

(d) Interpretation218

(Ⅰ) Contextual Interpretation218

(Ⅱ) Article 6 in the Interpretation220

(Ⅲ) WTO Covered Agreement220

6. Adequate Remuneration221

E. Article 30 - Limited Exceptions222

1. Relationship with Articles 27.1, 28 and 31222

2. Article 30 - Exceptions to Rights Conferred223

(a) Exceptions to be Limited224

(b) Unreasonable Conflict with Normal Exploitation of Patent227

(c) Unreasonable Prejudice to Legitimate Interests227

3. Interpretation229

(a) Health Related Exceptions229

(b) Ordinary Meaning231

(c) Contextual Interpretation233

(d) Supplementary Means234

F. Article 73 - Security Exception235

1. Coverage of the Exception236

2. Limit of the Exception237

6. Application of Human Rights Norms239

I. TRIPS and Human Rights Norms239

A. TRIPS is Not Self-contained239

1. WTO is Not a "Closed Legal Circuit"239

(a) WTO Law is Broader than GATT240

(b) The Text of WTO DSU241

(c) Evolutionary Manner of Interpretation of WTO Laws242

(d) Extraneous Sources in WTO Jurisprudence244

2. TRIPS should not be Isolated from Human Rights Norms244

B. TRIPS Invites the Use of Human Rights Norms245

1. The Aim of TRIPS245

2. Article 3l(3)(c) of VCLT247

3. The Language Used in TRIPS248

4. The Regime Shift in Intellectual Property Protection250

Ⅱ. Rights to Health, Property and Fruits of Creation in TRIPS251

A. Application251

1. Hierarchical Status of Various Human Rights Norms251

(a) Human Rights Sources and UN Human Rights Bodies251

(b) The Status of the Human Rights Norms252

(ⅰ) Customary International Law253

(ⅱ) Treaty Law254

(ⅲ) Soft Law256

(ⅳ) Vital Interest Protection260

2. The Impact of Reference to Human Rights261

(a) Human Rights Limit Patent Protection262

(b) Human Rights Reinforce Patent Protection266

(c) Human Rights Realisation through Interpretation of TRIPS267

B. Applying GATT Interpretation Methods to TRIPS272

1. Links Between Human Rights and GATT272

2. Application of GATT Interpretation Method274

Ⅲ. The Right to Health in TRIPS275

A. Object and Purpose275

B. Specific Provisions279

1. Article 27279

2. Article 28281

3. Article 31282

(a) Grounds282

(b) Duration284

(c) Scope286

(d) Supply and Parallel Importation287

(e) Remuneration288

(f) Summary289

4. Article 30290

5. Article 73291

PART THREE IMPACTS OF INTERPRETATION297

7. Impacts on TRIPS-Plus in FTAs297

Ⅰ. Interpretive Relationship Between TRIPS and FTAs297

A. Relationship in the Interpretation297

1. Choice of Forum and Interpretation Rules in FTAs297

2. Impacts on Interpretation300

B. Relationship with TRIPS302

Ⅱ. Heightened Patent Protection in FTAs304

A. Heightened Patent Protection in FTAs304

B. Justification for Heightened Patent Protection in FTAs309

C. Implication of the Justification311

Ⅲ. Interpretation and Human Rights314

A. Flexibility in FTAs314

B. Interpretation317

1. Compulsory Licensing317

2. Side Letters320

3. Non-derogation Provisions321

C. Human Rights323

1. TRIPS Language323

2. Non-derogation Provisions323

3. Reference to TRIPS324

4. Counter-regime of Human Rights324

Ⅳ. Summary325

8. Conclusion327

Bibliography333

Index353