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PART ⅠHUMANS AND SUSTAINABILITY：AN OVERVIEW1

1 Environmental Problems，Their Causes，and Sustainability2

Living in an Exponential Age2

1-1 Living More Sustainably3

Spotlight：Cast of Players in the Environmental Drama3

Guest Essay：Natural Capital by Paul G.Hawken16

1-2 Population Growth，Economic Growth，Environmentally Sustainable Development，and Globalization4

Spotlight：Current Exponential Growth of the Human Population5

Connections：Some Harmful Environmental Effects of Poverty8

1-3 Resources9

Connections：Free-Access Resources and the Tragedyof the Commons11

Connections：Lessons from China15

1-4 Pollution10

1-5 Environmental Problems：Causes and Connections12

1-6 Is Our Present Course Sustainable？13

Solutions：Some Guidelines for Working with the Earth18

2 Environmental History：An Overview21

Near Extinction o f the AmericanBison21

2-1 Cultural Changes and the Environment22

Connections：Consequences of the Agricultural Revolution24

Connections：Consequences of Advanced Industrial Societies25

2-2 Environmental History of the United States：The Tribal and Frontier Eras25

2-3 Environmental History of the United States：The Early Conservation Era（1832-1960）26

Individuals Matter：Alice Hamilton28

Spotlight：How Should Public Land Resources Be Used？Preservationists vs.Conservationists32

2-4 Environmental History of the United States：The Environmental Era（1960-2002）29

Individuals Matter：Rachel Carson33

2-5 Case Study：Aldo Leopold and His Land Ethic36

PART ⅡSCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS39

3 Science，Systems，Matter，and Energy40

Two Islands：Can We Treat This One Better？40

3-1 Science and Critical Thinking41

Guest Essay：Critical Thinking and Environmental Studies by Jane Heinze-Fry42

Connections：What Is Harming the Robins？44

3-2 Models and Behavior of Systems44

3-3 Matter：Forms，Structure，and Quality47

3-4 Energy：Forms and Quality51

3-5 Physical and Chemical Changes and the Law of Conservation of Matter54

Spotlight：Keeping Track of Atoms54

3-6 Nuclear Changes55

3-7 Two Laws Governing Energy Changes59

3-8 Connections：Matter and Energy Change Laws and Environmental Problems60

4 Ecosystems：Components，Energy Flow，and Matter Cycling64

Have You Thanked the Insects Today？64

4-1 The Nature of Ecology65

Connections：Microbes：The Invisible Rulers of the Earth65

4-2 The Earth’s Life-Support Systems68

4-3 Ecosystem Concepts and Components70

4-4 Connections：Food Webs and Energy Flow in Ecosystems76

4-5 Primary Productivity of Ecosystems80

4-6 Connections：Matter Cycling in Ecosystems82

Case Study：Effects of Deforestation on Nutrient Cycling90

4-7 How Do Ecologists Learn About Ecosystems？89

4-8 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability92

5 Evolution and Biodiversity：Origins，Niches，and Adaptation95

Earth：The Just-Right，Resilient Planet95

5-1 Origins of Life96

Spotlight：How Did Life First Evolve？99

5-2 Evolution and Adaptation100

Spotlight：What Is Artificial Selection？100

5-3 Ecological Niches and Adaptation103

Spotlight：Cockroaches：Nature’s Ultimate Survivors105

5-4 Speciation，Extinction，and Biodiversity104

Guest Essay：The Future of Evolution by Norman Myers108

6 Biogeography：Weather，Climate，Biomes，and Terrestrial Biodiversity110

Connections：Blowing in the Wind110

6-1 Weather：A Brief Introduction111

6-2 Climate：A Brief Introduction115

6-3 Biomes：Climate and Life on Land122

6-4 Desert Biomes125

6-5 Grassland，Tundra，and Chaparral Biomes128

6-6 Forest Biomes134

6-7 Mountain Biomes141

6-8 Lessons from Geographic Ecology141

7 Aquatic Ecology：Biodiversity in Aquatic Systems144

Why Should We Care About Coral Reefs？144

7-1 Aquatic Environments：Types，Components，and Limiting Factors145

Spotlight：Biofiltration149

7-2 Saltwater Life Zones147

Connections：Coral Partners May Enhance Reef Survival155

7-3 Freshwater Life Zones156

7-4 Sustainability of Aquatic Life Zones162

8 Community Ecology：Structure，Species Interactions，Succession，and Sustainability165

Flying Foxes：Keystone Species in Tropical Forests165

8-1 Community Structure：Appearance and Species Diversity166

8-2 General Types of Species169

Connections：Why Are Amphibians Vanishing？170

Connections：Why Should We Care About Alligators？173

8-3 Species Interactions：Competition and Predation172

Case Study：Why Are Sharks Important Species？176

8-4 Symbiotic Species Interactions：Parasitism，Mutualism，and Commensalism178

8-5 Ecological Succession：Communities in Transition180

8-6 Ecological Stability and Sustainability184

9 Population Dynamics，Carrying Capacity，and Conservation Biology190

Sea Otters：Are They Back from the Brink of Extinction？190

9-1 Population Dynamics and Carrying Capacity191

9-2 The Role of Predation in Controlling Population Size192

Case Study：Wolf and Moose Interactions on Isle Royale197

9-3 Reproductive Patterns and Survival195

9-4 Conservation Biology：Sustaining Wildlife Populations198

9-5 Human Impacts on Ecosystems：Learning from Nature199

Connections：Ecological Surprises200

Solutions：Principles of Sustainability：Learning from Nature201

10 Geology：Processes，Hazards，and Soils203

The Mount St.Helens Eruption203

10-1 Geologic Processes204

10-2 Internal and External Earth Processes205

10-3 Minerals，Rocks，and the Rock Cycle209

10-4 Natural Hazards：Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions210

10-5 Soil Resources：Formation and Types212

10-6 Soil Erosion and Degradation216

10-7 Solutions：Soil Conservation222

Case Study：Slowing Soil Erosion in the United States223

11 Risk，Toxicology，and Human Health228

The Big Killer228

11-1 Risk，Probability，and Hazards229

11-2 Toxicology229

11-3 Chemical Hazards233

Connecalons：Are Hormonally Active Chemicals a Health Threat？235

11-4 Biological Hazards：Disease in Developed and Developing Countries236

Spotlight：Are We Losing Ground in Our War Against Infectious Bacteria？238

Case Study：The Global Tuberculosis Epidemic241

Solutions：Producing an Edible Hepatitis B Vaccine242

Solutions：Improving Health Care in Developing Countries244

11-5 Risk Analysis245

PART ⅢPOPULATION，RESOURCES，AND SUSTAINABILITY253

12 The Human Population：Growth，Demography，and Carrying Capacity254

Slowing Population Growth in Thailand254

12-1 Factors Affecting Human Population Size255

12-2 Population Age Structure263

12-3 Solutions：Influencing Population Size267

Case Study：Immigration in the United States268

Guest Essay：Moral Implications of Cultural Carrying Capacity by Garrett Hardin272

12-4 Case Studies：Slowing Population Growth in India and China271

12-5 Cutting Global Population Growth274

13 Food Resources277

Perennial Crops on the Kansas Prairie277

13-1 How Is Food Produced？278

13-2 Producing Food by Green-Revolution and Traditional Techniques281

13-3 Food Production，Nutrition，and Environmental Effects284

Solutions：Saving Children289

Case Study：Can China’s Population Be Fed？293

13-4 Increasing World Crop Production289

Spotlight：Shrinking the World’s Genetic Plant Library295

13-5 Producing More Meat296

Connections：Some Environmental Consequences of Meat Production299

Spotlight：Endangered Riparian Zones300

13-6 Catching and Raising More Fish301

Connections：Commercial Fishing and the Tragedy of the Commons305

13-7 Government Agricultural Policy307

13-8 Solutions：Sustainable Agriculture308

14 Water Resources312

Water and Grain Import Wars in the Middle East312

14-1 Water’s Importance and Unique Properties313

14-2 Supply，Renewal，and Use of Water Resources314

14-3 Too Little Water317

14-4 Using Dams and Reservoirs to Supply More Water318

Case Study：Egypt’s Aswan High Dam：Blessing or Disaster？321

Case Study：The Colorado River Basin322

14-5 Transferring Water from One Place to Another322

Case Study：The Aral Sea Water Transfer Disaster324

14-6 Tapping Groundwater，Converting Salt Water to Fresh Water，Seeding Clouds，and Towing Icebergs324

Case Study：Mining Groundwater：The Shrinking Ogallala Aquifer327

14-7 Using Water More Efficiently328

Spotlight：Water Rights in the United States329

Solutions：The Promise of Drip Irrigation333

Spotlight：Running Short of Water in Las Vegas，Nevada334

14-8 Too Much Water332

Connections：Living Dangerously on Floodplains in Bangladesh335

14-9 Solutions：Achieving a More Sustainable Water Future335

15 Geologic Resources：Nonrenewable Mineral and Energy Resources338

Bitter Lessons from Chernobyl338

15-1 Nature and Formation of Mineral Resources339

15-2 Finding and Removing Nonrenewable Mineral Resources341

15-3 Environmental Effects of Extracting，Processing，and Using Mineral Resources343

Case Study：Some Environmental Effects of Gold Mining345

Pro/Con：Controversy Over the General Mining Law of 1872347

15-4 Supplies of Mineral Resources346

Solutions：Mining with Microbes349

15-5 Evaluating Energy Resources349

15-6 Oil354

Spotlight：A Brief History of Oil359

Pro/Con：Should Oil and Gas Development Be Allowed in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge？360

15-7 Natural Gas362

15-8 Coal363

15-9 Nuclear Energy365

Case Study：How Safe Are Radioactive Wastes Stored at Nuclear Power Plants？371

Case Study：Underground Storage of High-Level Radioactive Wastes in the United States374

16 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy380

The Coming Energy-Efficiency and Renewable-Energy Revolution380

16-1 The Importance of Improving Energy Efficiency381

Guest Essay：Technology Is the Answer（But What Was the Question？） by Amory B.Lovins384

16-2 Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency383

Connections：The Real Cost of Gasoline in the United States388

Guest Essay：Living Lightly on the Earth at Round Mountain Organics by Nancy Wicks390

Connections：Using the Internet to Save Energy and Paper and Reduce Global Warming393

16-3 Using Solar Energy to Provide Heat and Electricity393

16-4 Producing Electricity from Moving Water and from Heat Stored in Water400

16-5 Producing Electricity from Wind401

16-6 Producing Energy from Biomass403

16-7 The Solar-Hydrogen Revolution405

Spotlight：Producing Hydrogen from Green Algae Found in Pond Scum408

16-8 Geothermal Energy409

16-9 Entering the Age of Decentralized Micropower410

16-10 Solutions：A Sustainable Energy Strategy412

PART Ⅳ ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND POLLUTION417

17 Air and Air Pollution418

When Is a Lichen Like a Canary？418

17-1 The Atmosphere419

17-2 Outdoor Air Pollution420

Spotlight：Air Pollution in the Past：The Bad Old Days423

17-3 Photochemical and Industrial Smog423

17-4 Regional Outdoor Air Pollution from Acid Deposition428

17-5 Indoor Air Pollution434

17-6 Effects of Air Pollution on Living Organisms and Materials437

Spotlight：Health Dangers from Fine Particles440

17-7 Solutions：Preventing and Reducing Air Pollution439

18 Climate Change and Ozone Loss446

A.D.2060：Green Times on Planet Earth446

18-1 Past Climate Change and the Natural Greenhouse Effect447

18-2 Climate Change and Human Activities448

18-3 Projecting Future Changes in the Earth’s Climate454

Spotlight：How Do Climate Models Work？456

18-4 Factors Affecting Changes in the Earth’s Average Temperature457

18-5 Some Possible Effects of a Warmer World460

Connections：Global Warming，Kirtland’s Warblers，and Adelie Penguins463

18-6 Solutions：Dealing with the Threat of Climate Change464

Solutions：Energy Efficiency to the Rescue465

Solutions：Organic Farming and No-Till Cultivation to the Rescue468

18-7 What Is Being Done to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions？469

18-8 Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere472

Connections：The Cancer You Are Most Likely to Get478

18-9 Solutions：Protecting the Ozone Layer476

Individuals Matter：Ray Turner and His Refrigerator479

19 Water Pollution483

Learning Nature’s Ways to Purify Sewage483

19-1 Types，Effects，and Sources of Water Pollution484

Case Study：Hurricanes，Hog Farms，and Water Pollution in Eastern North Carolina487

19-2 Pollution of Freshwater Streams489

Individuals Matter：Tracking Down the Pfiesteria Cell from Hell489

19-3 Pollution of Freshwater Lakes489

19-4 Groundwater Pollution and Its Prevention493

Spotlight：How Much Arsenic Should We Allow in Drinking Water？496

19-5 Ocean Pollution496

Case Study：The Baltic Sea499

Solutions：Bring Back the Oysters501

19-6 Solutions：Preventing and Reducing Surface Water Pollution502

Solutions：Using Wetlands to Treat Sewage507

19-7 Drinking Water Quality507

Individuals Matter：Using UV Light，Horseradish，and Slimes to Purify Water508

20 Pesticides and Pest Control512

Along Came a Spider512

20-1 Pesticides：Types and Uses513

20-2 The Case for Pesticides514

20-3 The Case Against Pesticides515

Spotlight：How Effective Have Pesticides Been in Reducing Crop Losses？517

20-4 Pesticide Regulation in the United States518

Connections：What Goes Around Can Come Around518

20-5 Other Ways to Control Pests520

21 Solid and Hazardous Waste525

There Is No “Away”：Love Canal525

21-1 Wasting Resources526

Case Study：Mining and Smelting Waste in Montana527

Case Study：A Black Day in Bhopal529

21-2 Producing Less Waste and Pollution528

Guest Essay：We Have Been Asking the Wrong Questions About Wastes by Lois Marie Gibbs530

Solutions：Doing More with Less：Increasing Resource Productivity533

21-3 Solutions：Cleaner Production and Selling Services Instead of Things531

Individuals Matter：Ray Anderson534

Guest Essay：Cleaner Production：A New Environmentalism for the 21st Century by Peter Montague536

21-4 Reuse534

Solutions：What Kind of Grocery Bags Should We Use？535

21-5 Recycling535

Solutions：Using Composting to Recycle Biodegradable Wastes539

Case Study：Recycling，Reuse，and Waste Reduction in Germany540

21-6 Case Studies：Recycling Wastepaper and Plastics540

21-7 Detoxifying，Burning，Burying，and Exporting Wastes542

Individuals Matter：Using Landfill Methane to Heat a School545

21-8 Case Studies：Lead，Mercury，Chlorine，and Dioxins548

21-9 Hazardous-Waste Regulation in the United States552

Spotlight：Using Honeybees to Detect Toxic Pollutants553

Solutions：How Can the Superfund Law Be Improved？554

21-10 Solutions：Achieving a Low-Waste Society555

PART ⅤSUSTAINING BIODIVERSITY AND CITIES559

22 Sustaining Wild Species560

The Passenger Pigeon：Gone Forever560

22-1 Human Impacts on Biodiversity561

22-2 Species Extinction563

Case Study：Bats Are Getting a Bad Rap567

22-3 Why Should We Care About Biodiversity？568

Spotlight：What Is the Economic Value of the Earth’s Ecological Services？571

Connections：Biophilia572

22-4 Extinction Threats from Habitat Loss and Degradation572

Case Study：The Plight of Migrating Birds575

22-5 Extinction Threats from Nonnative Species574

Connections：Deliberate Introduction of the Kudzu Vine577

Case Study：The Termite from Hell579

Individuals Matter：Killing Invader Species and Saving Shipping Companies Money580

22-6 Extinction Threats from Hunting and Poaching579

22-7 Other Extinction Threats581

22-8 Protecting Wild Species from Depletion and Extinction：The Research and Legal Approach582

Spotlight：Accomplishments of the Endangered Species Act586

22-9 Protecting Wild Species from Depletion and Extinction：The Sanctuary Approach586

22-10 Wildlife Management588

Connections：What Should Be Done About Snow Geese？591

23 Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity：The Ecosystem Approach594

Who Is Afraid of the Big Gray Wolf？594

23-1 Land Use in the World and the United States595

Individuals Matter：The Eco-Rancher599

23-2 Managing and Sustaining Forests598

Solutions：Certifying Sustainably Grown Timber606

23-3 Forest Resources and Management in the United States608

23-4 Tropical Deforestation and the Fuelwood Crisis612

Solutions：The Incredible Neem Tree614

Connections：The Downward Spiral of Tropical Forest Degradation616

Solutions：Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry Tropical Forests618

Individuals Matter：Kenya’s Green Belt Movement619

Individuals Matter：New Stoves Help Save India’s Forests and Improve Women’s Health620

23-5 Managing and Sustaining National Parks619

23-6 Establishing，Designing，and Managing Nature Reserves621

Solutions：Parks in Costa Rica622

Solutions：The Nature Conservancy623

Solutions：Biosphere Reserves625

Case Study：The U.S.National Wilderness Preservation System628

23-7 Ecological Restoration629

Individuals Matter：Ecological Restoration of a Tropical Dry Forest in Costa Rica630

24 Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity634

Connections：Can Lake Victoria Be Saved？634

24-1 The Importance of Aquatic Biodiversity635

24-2 Human Impacts on Aquatic Biodiversity637

Spotlight：Invasion of Wetlands by Purple Loosestrife640

24-3 Protecting and Sustaining Marine Biodiversity640

Case Study：Near Extinction of the Blue Whale643

24-4 Managing and Sustaining the World’s Marine Fisheries649

Spotlight：Managing Fisheries with Individual Transfer Quotas650

24-5 Protecting，Sustaining，and Restoring Wetlands651

Individuals Matter：Restoring a Wetland652

24-6 Protecting，Sustaining，and Restoring Lakes and Rivers653

Case Study：Protecting Lake Baikal654

25 Sustainable Cities：Urban Land Use and Management661

The Ecocity Concept in Davis，California661

25-1 Urbanization and Urban Growth661

Spotlight：The Urban Poor663

25-2 Urban Resource and Environmental Problems668

Connections：How Can Reducing Crime Help the Environment？671

25-3 Transportation and Urban Development671

Pro/Con：Good and Bad News About Motor Vehicles673

Case Study：Mass Transit in the United States677

Solutions：Curitiba，Brazil678

25-4 Urban Land-Use Planning and Control676

Solutions：Ecological Land-Use Planning681

Solutions：Land-Use Planning in Oregon683

25-5 Solutions：Making Urban Areas More Livable and Sustainable682

Case Study：Tapiola，Finland683

Guest Essay：The Ecological Design Arts by David W.Orr684

PART ⅥENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY689

26 Economics，Environment，and Sustainability690

How Important Are Natural Resources？690

26-1 Economic Resources and Systems and Environmental Problems691

Solutions：Appropriate Technology696

Guest Essay：The Steady-State Economy in Outline by Herman E.Daly698

26-2 Monitoring Economic and Environmental Progress695

26-3 Harmful External Costs and Full-Cost Pricing698

26-4 The Economics of Pollution Control and Resource Management700

26-5 Using Regulations and Market Forces to Improve Environmental Quality703

Solutions：Shifting the Tax Burden from Wages and Profits to Pollution and Waste705

Spotlight：What Is Good Environmental Management？707

26-6 Reducing Poverty to Improve Environmental Quality and Human Well-Being708

Solutions：Microloans to the Poor709

26-7 Making the Transition to More Environmentally Sustainable Economies710

Case Study：How Is Germany Investing in the Future and the Earth？712

Connections：Jobs and the Environment713

27 Politics，Environment，and Sustainability716

Rescuing a River716

27-1 Politics and Environmental Policy717

27-2 Developing and Influencing Environmental Policy717

Solutions：Election Finance Reform721

Individuals Matter：Environmental Careers724

27-3 Case Study：Environmental Policy in the United States719

Solutions：Types of Environmental Laws in the United States724

27-4 Environmental Law723

Case Study：The Regulatory Takings Controversy725

Spotlight：SLAPPs：Intimidating Environmental Activists726

27-5 Environmental and Anti-Environmental Groups and Claims727

Guest Essay：Environmental Justice for All by Robert D.Bullard728

Individuals Matter：Environmental Action on Campuses732

Guest Essay：Covering the Environment by Andrew C.Revkin734

Solutions：Improving Environmental Laws and Regulations736

27-6 Global Environmental Policy731

Solutions：Goals of National and Global Environmental NGOs737

Solutions：Improving Trade Agreements738

28 Environmental Worldviews，Ethics，and Sustainability741

Biosphere 2：A Lesson in Humility741

28-1 Environmental Worldviews in Industrial Societies742

28-2 Life-Centered Environmental Worldviews743

Connections：Why Should We Care About Future Generations？745

Spotlight：Deep Ecology746

28-3 Solutions：Living More Sustainably747

Guest Essay：Envisioning a Sustainable Society by Lester W.Milbrath748

Individuals Matter：Mindquake：Evaluating One’s Environmental Worldview750

Connections：Learning from the Earth751

Guest Essay：Green Colleges by Noel Perrin752

Spotlight：What Are Our Basic Needs？754

Appendices1

1 Units of Measurement1

2 Some Basic Chemistry2

3 Classifying and Naming Species5

Glossary1

Index1