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TABLE OF CONTENT1

PREFACE1

CHAPTER ONE HISTORICAL BACK-GROUND5

1.1 Beginning of Teacher Education in Late Qing Dynasty(1879—1911)6

1.2　Teacher Education during the Period of the Republ icof China14

1.3　Teacher Education in the Revolutionary Bases30

1.4　Contemporary Development of Teacher Education(1949—1985)42

1 Enrollments of Institute of Education(1980—1985)46

2 Institute of Education in 1984 and 198546

LIST OF TABLES46

3 Enrollments of Institutes of Education,North China Region(1985—1986)47

4 Development of Teachers Advancement Schools(1984—1985)47

CHAPTER TWO PRESENT STATUS49

2.1 General Concepts49

2.2 Institutions50

2.3　Division of Subject-matter Areas54

2.4　Program Duration,Cu rriculum,and Courses56

5 Time Table for 3-Year Program of Normal School(General)58

2.5　Financial Sources and Distribution61

6 Distribution of Expenditure for General Colleges and Universities64

2.6　Evaluation65

7 Figures of Advanced Degree Awarding Units at Six Key Normal Universities in 198566

8 Figures of Advanced Degree Awarding Units at Six Key Comprehensive Universities67

CHAPTER THREE PROBLE MS AND CONSTRAINTS75

3.1 Li mited Capacity of Institutions for Higher Teacher Education75

Middle Schools76

3.2　Shortage of Qualified Teachers,Especially in Junior76

9 Predicted Supply and Demand for Junior Middle School Teachers(1990)77

10 Secondary School Teacher Shortage in Different Subjects in Selected Region s78

11 Teacher Supply and Demand in Selected Subjects in Chongching,198479

3.3　Teacher Shortage in Some Subject-matter Areas,Especially in Vocational and Technical Areas79

12 Elementary Teacher Shortage in Different Subjects in Selected Regions80

3.4　Teacher Shortage in Border Areas and Minority Regions81

13 Teacher Shortage in Gansu Province(1984—1990)81

3.5 In sufficiency of In-service Teacher Education82

14 Summary of Educational Qualifications of Elementary and Secondary School Teachers(1985)83

15 Degree of Competence among School Teachers in Selected Regions(1985)(%)83

3.6　Problems in Faculty Development in Institutions for Teacher Education84

3.7　Fina ncial Constraints,Inadequate Equipment,and Poor Teaching Conditions in Institutions for Teacher Education86

3.8　Lack of Excellent Applicants Entering Teachers Colleges.Reluctance of Teachers College Grad-88

uates to Teach in Schools88

3.9　Inappropriate Renaming of Institution and Impro-per Imitation of the Comprehensive UniversityPattern among the Insti tutions for Teacher Edu-cation90

3.10 Poor Coordination between Pre-service and In-service Teacher Education91

CHAPTER FOUR REFORMS AND CHANGES93

4.1 Emphasis on the Importance of Teacher Educa-tion93

4.2 Increase of Funds and Improvement of Teaching Conditions94

4.3 Expansion and Reform of Enrollment96

4.4 Establishment of Multi-level,Multi-pattern Net-work of In-service Teacher Education99

4.5 Teaching Reform for Better Quality of Teacher Education103

4.6 Development of Faculties in Institutions for Teacher Education,107

4.7 Reform of Administration System109

4.8 Scheme of the Future Development110

Appendix113

1 Selected Places and Institutions Being Investigated115

2 Development of Institutions for Higher Teacher Edu-cation(1980—1985)117

3 Status Quo of the Nine Largest Normal Universities(1985)118

4 Development of Secondary Normal Schools(General and Early Childhood)（1980—1985)119

5 Areas of Study for Higher Teacher Education(1981)120

6 Areas of Study for Higher Teacher Education(1985)122

7 Schedule for Teacher Education Programs(4-Year Undergraduate)125

8 Basic Required Courses in Selected Areas for Teacher Education(4-Year Undergraduate)126

cher Education(3-Year Professional)132

10 Basic Specialized Courses in Selected Areas for Tea-132

9 Schedule for Teacher Education Programs(2-3-Year Professional)132

11 Revi sed Curriculum for 3-Year Normal School(Gen-eral),Hebei Province(1985)135

12 Basic Required Courses in Selected Areas for In-service Teacher Education(Undergraduate)138

13 Basic Required Courses in Selected Areas for In-service Teacher Education(Professional)142

14 Di stribution of Expenditure at Six Key Normal Universities(1985)145

15 Figures of Teaching Staff by Title in Institutions for Teacher Education(1984)146

16 Figures of Teaching Staff by Educational Preparation in Institutions for Teacher Education(1984)147

17 Figures of Full-time Teaching Staff by Age in 68 Teachers Coileges and Normal Universities(1984)148

18 Figures of Full-time Teaching Staff by Age in Professional Teachers Colleges(1984)149

19 Figures of Full-time Teaching Staff by Subject-matter Areas in Institutions for Higher Teacher Education(1983)150

CHRONOLOGICAL EVENTS IN RELATION TO TEACHER EDUCATION IN CHINA(1897—1985)153

REFERENCES171