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UNIT ONE CHILD GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT AND RELEVANT NEEDS1

Chapter 1 Overview of Pediatric Nursing1

目录1

上册1

Characteristics of Pediatrics2

1．Characteristics of Pediatrics and Philosophies of Pediatric Nursing2

Philosophy of Pediatric Nursing4

Neonatal Period6

Fetal Period6

2．Stages of Growth and Development and Common Characteristics of Each Stage6

Preschool Age7

Toddler's Age7

Infancy7

Providing Direct Nursing Care8

3．Tasks of Pediatric Nurses8

School Age8

Adolescence8

Family Advocacy/Caring9

Disease Prevention/Health Promotion10

Counseling11

Health Education11

Coordination/Collaboration12

Restorative Role12

Research13

Ethical Decision Making13

4．Settings for Pediatric Nursing Care14

5．Ethical Concepts and Responsibilities15

6．Future Trends of Pediatric Nursing16

第一章　儿科护理学绪论19

上篇　小儿生长发育及其需求19

一、儿科的特点20

第一节　儿科的特点和儿科护理的理念20

二、儿科护理的理念21

一、胎儿期22

第二节　小儿年龄分期和各期特点22

六、学龄期23

五、学龄前期23

二、新生儿期23

三、婴儿期23

四、幼儿期23

二、小儿及家庭的代言人24

一、提供直接护理24

七、青春期24

第三节　儿科护士的角色和任务24

四、提供健康教育25

三、小儿疾病预防和健康促进25

七、协调和合作26

六、帮助小儿康复26

五、提供咨询26

第四节　儿科护理的场所27

九、开展儿科护理相关研究27

八、正确处理相关的伦理问题27

第五节　儿科护理中的伦理问题28

第六节　儿科护理的发展趋势29

附录1-1 中国儿童发展纲要（200l～2010年）30

Chapter2 Growth and Development of Children32

Concepts of Growth and Development33

1．Overview of Growth and Development33

Methods of Studying Growth and Development34

Patterns of Growth and Development36

Physical Growth and Development39

2．Biologic Growth and Development39

Physiologic Changes52

Temperament55

3．Development of Psychosocial Function and Personality55

Theoretic Foundations of Mental Development58

Theoretic Foundations of Language Development66

Theoretic Foundations of Childhood Social Learning68

Development of Self-concept71

Classification of Play74

4．Role of Play in Development74

Functions of Play77

Toys79

Heredity80

5．Selected Factors that Influence Growth and Development80

Gender81

Prenatal Influences82

Seasons and Climates82

Diseases82

Interpersonal Relationships83

Nutrition83

Environmental Hazards83

Influence of the Mass Media88

第二章　小儿生长发育93

一、有关概念94

第一节　生长发育概述94

二、生长发育的评价方法95

三、生长发育的规律96

一、体格生长98

第二节　小儿生物学方面的生长和发育98

二、生理变化106

一、气质108

第三节　小儿心理社会功能和个性的发育108

二、心理发育的理论基础110

三、语言发育的理论基础115

四、小儿社会学习的理论基础116

五、自我观念的发展118

一、游戏的分类120

第四节　游戏在小儿生长发育中的作用120

二、游戏的功能122

一、遗传因素124

第五节　影响小儿生长发育的因素124

三、玩具124

四、季节和气候125

三、疾病因素125

二、性别因素125

八、人际交往126

七、营养状况126

五、孕期因素126

六、环境因素126

九、传播媒体的影响130

1．Communication with Children and Family133

Chapter 3 Children Health Assessment133

Principles of Communicating with Children134

Techniques of Communication with Children135

Communication with Parents138

Content of Health History139

2．Health History Collection139

Review of Systems141

3．Physical Assessment142

General Guidelines for Performing Pediatric Physical Examination143

Principle of Physical Assessment143

Content of Physical Examination144

Developmental Screening152

4．Developmental Assessment152

Developmental Diagnosis153

Appendix 3-Ⅰ The Denver Developmental Screening Test（DDST）154

Appendix 3-Ⅱ Draw a Person Test157

5．Family Assessment158

Assessment of Family Function159

Assessment of Family Structure159

Clinical Examination161

Dietary Intake161

6．Nutritional Assessment161

Nutritional Evaluation162

第一节　与小儿及其家庭的沟通164

第三章　小儿健康评估164

二、与小儿沟通的技巧165

一、与小儿沟通的原则165

一、健康史的内容167

第二节　健康史收集167

三、与小儿家长的沟通167

一、小儿体格检查的原则169

第三节　身体评估169

二、系统回顾169

二、小儿体格检查的一般技巧170

三、体格检查的内容171

二、诊断性测验176

一、筛查性测验176

第四节　发育评估176

附录3-1 丹佛发育筛查实验评测方法（DDST）177

附录3-2　绘人实验评测方法179

一、家庭结构评估181

第五节　家庭评估181

二、家庭功能评估182

三、营养评价183

二、临床检查183

第六节　营养评估183

一、饮食摄入183

Chapter 4 Child Health Promotion and Disease Prevention185

Daily Care186

Maintain Stable Body Temperature186

1．Health Promotion of the Newborn and Family186

Feeding and Nutrition186

Promote Parent-Infant Bonding(Attachment)187

Protect from Infection and Injury187

Nutrition188

2．Health Promotion of theInfant and Family188

Dental Health189

Sleep and Activity189

Social Development190

Daily Care190

Nutrition and Feeding193

3．Health Promotion of the Toddler,Preschooler and Family193

Illness Prevention193

Injury Prevention193

Dental Health195

Sleep and Activity195

Social Development196

Toilet Training197

Early Education and Health Care in Kindergarten198

Common Behavior Problem in Toddlers and Preschooler200

Disease Prevention and Injury Prevention202

Nutrition203

Health Behavior203

4．Health Promotion of the School Age Child and Family203

Sleep and Activity204

Physical Activity205

Dental Health205

School Education207

Social Development208

Growth and Development of the Adolescent209

5．Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family209

Injury Prevention209

Adolescents'Perspectives on Health213

Health Concerns of Adolescence214

6．Injury Prevention216

Burns217

Poisoning217

Aspiration of Foreign Objects/Suffocation217

Falls217

Nurse's Role in Injury Prevention218

Bodily Damage218

Drowning218

Motor Vehicle Injuries218

Developmental Surveillance222

7．Health Promotion for the Child in the Community222

8．Planned Immunizations225

Health Education225

Schedule for Planned Immunizations226

Recommendations for Routine Immunizations228

Reactions and Management230

Contraindications/Precautions231

Immunization Administration232

第四章　儿童保健和疾病预防235

三、生活护理236

二、保暖236

第一节　新生儿及其家庭的健康促进236

一、喂养和营养236

二、睡眠和活动237

一、营养237

四、预防感染和意外伤害237

五、促进父母和小儿的亲子感情237

第二节　婴儿及其家庭的健康促进237

五、社会化发展238

四、生活护理238

三、牙齿的健康238

一、营养和喂养241

第三节　幼儿和学龄前儿童及其家庭的健康促进241

六、预防疾病241

七、预防意外241

三、牙齿健康242

二、睡眠和活动242

四、社会化发展243

六、在幼托机构接受早期教育和卫生保健244

五、训练大小便244

七、幼儿和学龄前儿童常见的行为问题246

八、预防疾病和意外247

三、睡眠和活动248

二、营养248

第四节　学龄儿童及其家庭的健康促进248

一、健康行为248

五、体格锻炼249

四、牙齿健康249

七、社会化的发展250

六、学校教育250

一、青春期生长发育特点251

第五节　青少年及其家庭的健康促进251

八、预防意外251

二、青春期少年的健康观念253

三、青春期健康相关问题254

第六节　预防意外伤害255

五、溺水256

六、交通事故256

一、异物吞入／窒息256

二、跌倒256

三、中毒256

四、烧伤／烫伤256

八、护士在预防小儿意外伤害中的角色257

七、身体伤害257

一、发育监测260

第七节　社区小儿的健康促进260

一、生物制剂的类型和计划免疫的程序262

第八节　小儿计划免疫262

二、健康指导262

二、常规计划免疫类型264

三、预防接种的反应和处理265

五、计划免疫的管理266

四、预防接种的禁忌证266

Chapter5 Nutritional Requirements Through Childhood268

Energy269

1．Nutritional Requirements269

Proteins270

Fats272

Carbohydrates274

Vitamins275

Minerals277

Water278

Breast Feeding279

2．The Feeding of Infants279

Dietary Fiber279

Artificial Feeding286

Combined Feeding286

Complementary Solid Food290

3．The Feeding during the Second Year of Life292

Daily Basic Diet293

Self-Selection of Diet293

Reduced Caloric Intake293

Self-Feeding by Toddlers293

Dietary Habits294

Nutritional Considerations in School Age Children295

Nutritional Considerations in Preschool Age Children295

4．The Feeding of Later Childhood and Adolescence295

Prudent Diet296

Nutritional Considerations for Adolescents296

第五章　小儿的营养需求300

一、能量301

第一节　营养的需要量301

三、脂类303

二、蛋白质303

四、碳水化合物304

五、维生素305

六、主要矿物质306

八、膳食纤维307

七、水307

一、母乳喂养308

第二节　婴儿喂养308

二、混合喂养311

三、人工喂养312

四、婴儿的辅食添加314

五、饮食习惯316

四、每天的基本饮食316

第三节　出生第二年的膳食安排316

一、减少能量的摄入316

二、鼓励小儿自己进食316

三、自己选择食物316

一、学龄前儿童饮食安排特点317

第四节　儿童及青少年期膳食安排317

四、合理的膳食318

三、青少年饮食安排特点318

二、学龄儿童饮食安排特点318

Chapter 6 Nursing Care of the Hospitalized Child and Family321

Children's Understanding of Illness and Hospitalization322

1．The Effects of Hospitalization on Children and Their Family322

Preventing or Minimizing Separation324

2．Nursing Care of the Hospitalized Child and Family324

Family Responses to Hospitalization324

Strategies to Minimize the Effects of Separation325

Minimizing Loss of Control326

Providing Developmentally Appropriate Activities327

Using Play/Expressive Activities to Minimize Stress328

Maximizing Potential Benefits of Hospitalization330

Providing Information331

Supporting Family Members331

Teaching Plans332

3．Health Teaching with Children332

Positioning for Procedures of Diagnostic Techniques333

4．Nursing Skills in Pediatric Nursing333

Children with Special Needs333

Medication Administration:Intravenous Therapy(IV),IM,Oral Medication,and Nasogastric Medication335

Preparing a Child for Surgery339

Offering Positive Stimulation for the Hospitalized Children340

Preventing Injury for the Hospitalized Child340

5．Reducing Elevated Temperature341

History of Pain342

6．Pain Assessment and Management342

Cultural Influences on Pain343

Pain Assessment Scales344

Nursing Management of Pain346

Assessing the Child in Preparation for Discharge349

7．Discharge Planning and Home Care349

Home Care350

第六章　住院患儿及其家庭的护理352

一、患儿对疾病及住院的理解353

第一节　住院对患儿及其家庭的影响353

一、防止或减少被分离的情况354

第二节　住院患儿及其家庭的护理354

二、家庭对患儿住院的反应354

三、缓解失控355

二、减少分离副作用的措施355

五、应用游戏或表达性活动来减轻压力356

四、提供与发育相宜的活动356

六、发掘住院治疗的潜在益处358

第三节　住院患儿的健康教育359

八、提供信息359

七、为家庭成员提供支持359

一、诊疗技术与操作体位配合360

第四节　儿科护理技术360

一、教育计划360

二、有特殊需要的患儿360

二、用药管理：静脉给药法，肌肉给药法，口服给药法，鼻饲给药法361

三、患儿手术准备364

第五节　发热患儿的护理365

五、为住院患儿提供积极的刺激365

四、住院患儿意外事故和损伤的预防365

一、疼痛的病史366

第六节　疼痛的评估及护理366

三、疼痛的评估量表367

二、文化背景对疼痛的影响367

四、疼痛的护理369

一、评价患儿的出院准备371

第七节　出院计划及居家护理371

二、居家护理教育372

Chapter 7 Nursing Care of High-Risk Newborn and Family373

UNIT TWO NURSING CARE OF CHILD WITH DISORDERS373

Classification of Newborns374

1．Classification of Newborns and Characteristics of Normal Newborns374

Characteristics of Normal Newborns376

2．Newborn Priorities in the first Days of Life379

Nursing of the Small-for-Gestational-Age Infants383

3．Nursing Care of the Newborns at Risk because of Altered Gestational Age or Birth Weight383

Nursing of the Large-for-Gestational-Age Infants384

Nursing Care of Preterm Infants386

4．Nursing of the Preterm and Post-term Infants386

Appendix 7-Ⅰ Nursing Care of Newborns in Incubator392

5．Nursing Care of Newborns with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy394

Nursing of the Post-term Infants394

6．Nursing Care of Newborns with Intracranial Hemorrhage397

7．Nursing Care of Newborns with Hyaline Membrane Disease399

Aspiration Pneumonia402

8．Nursing Care of Newborns with Neonatal Pneumonia402

Infection Pneumonia403

9．Nursing Care of Newborns with Gastroesophageal Reflux404

Characteristics of Neonatal Jaundice406

10．Nursing Care of Newborns with Neonatal Jaundice406

Hemolytic Disease of Newborns407

Appendix 7-Ⅱ Nursing Care of Newborns with Phototherapy410

Appendix 7-Ⅲ Nursing Care of Newborns with Exchange Transfusion412

11．Neonatal Sepsis(Septicemia)414

12．Nursing Care of Newborns with Neonatal Cold Injure Syndrome416

Hypoglycemia418

13．Nursing Care of Newborns with Neonatal Hypoglycemia or Hyperglycemia418

Hyperglucemia420

第七章　高危新生儿及其家庭的护理423

下篇　小儿各系统疾病及护理423

一、新生儿的分类424

第一节　新生儿分类和正常新生儿的特点424

二、正常新生儿的特点425

第二节　新生儿最初几天的需求427

一、小于胎龄儿及其护理430

第三节　小于或大于胎龄儿及其护理430

二、大于胎龄儿及其护理431

一、早产儿的护理432

第四节　早产儿、过期产儿及其护理432

附录7-1 置于暖箱中的新生儿的护理435

第五节　新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病437

二、过期产儿及其护理437

第六节　新生儿颅内出血439

第七节　新生儿肺透明膜病440

一、吸入性肺炎442

第八节　新生儿肺炎442

二、感染性肺炎443

第九节　新生儿胃食道反流444

一、概述445

第十节　新生儿黄疸445

二、新生儿溶血病446

附录7-2　光疗患儿的护理448

附录7 3　换血患儿的护理449

第十一节　新生儿败血症450

第十二节　新生儿寒冷损伤综合征451

一、新生儿低血糖症453

第十三节　新生儿低血糖症和高血糖症453

二、新生儿高血糖症454

1．Malnutrition456

Chapter 8　Nursing Care of Child with Nutritional Disorders456

Athrepsia(Marasmus)457

Protein-Calorie Malnutrition (Kwashiorkor)458

Complications of Malnutrition459

Nursing Management of Children with Malnutrition460

Principles of Treatment460

Appendix 8-Ⅰ Protein Excess464

Etiology465

2．Childhood Obesity465

Clinical Manifestation466

Pathology466

Diagnosis467

Principles of Treatment468

Complications of Childhood Obesity468

Nursing Management of Childhood Obesity469

Etiology474

Source of Vitamin D and Physiological Function474

3．Rickets of Vitamin D Deficiency474

Pathogenesis475

Clinical Manifestation476

Principles of Treatment479

Prevention479

Nursing Management of Children with Rickets of Vitamin Deficiency480

Etiology481

4．Tetany of Vitamin D eficiency(Infantile Tetany)481

Prognosis481

Clinical Manifestations482

Chemical Pathology482

Appendix 8-Ⅱ Hypervitaminosis D483

Prognosis483

Treatment and Nursing Management483

Vitamin A Deficiency484

5．Other types of Vitamin Deficiency484

Appendix 8-Ⅲ Hypervitaminosis A486

Vitamin C Deficiency（Scurvy）487

Vitamin B1 Deficiency489

一、营养不良性消瘦492

第一节　营养不良492

第八章　营养障碍疾病患儿的护理492

三、营养不良的并发症494

二、蛋白-热能营养不良494

五、营养不良患儿的护理495

四、营养不良的治疗原则495

一、病因498

第二节　小儿肥胖症498

附录8-1　蛋白质过剩498

三、临床表现499

二、病理变化499

五、并发症500

四、诊断500

七、小儿肥胖的护理501

六、治疗原则501

一、维生素D的来源和生理功能504

第三节　维生素D缺乏性佝偻病504

三、发病机理505

二、病因505

四、临床表现506

六、治疗原则508

五、预防508

八、预后509

七、护理509

三、临床表现510

二、血清生化510

第四节　维生素D缺乏性手足搐搦症510

一、病因510

附录8-2 维生素D中毒511

五、预后511

四、处理511

第五节　其他维生素缺乏症512

一、维生素A缺乏症512

二、维生素C缺乏症（坏血病）514

附录8-3 维生素A中毒514

三、维生素B1缺乏症515

Chapter 9 Nursing Care of the Child with Respiratory Disorder518

Airways519

Chest519

1．Anatomy and Physiology of the Childhood Respiratory System519

2．Assessing Respiratory Illness in Children521

Physical Assessment522

History522

Laboratory Tests524

Imaging Studies527

Aerosol Therapy528

3．Respiratory Illness Treatment and Measures Used with Children528

Chest Physiotherapy(CPT)529

Postural Drainage529

Oxygen Therapy530

Artificial Ventilation531

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation(ECMO)536

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections(URIs)537

4．Nursing Care of Child with Respiratory Tract Disorders537

Acute Laryngitis539

Acute Bronchitis541

Pneumonia542

Epidemiology558

5．Nursing Care of the Child with Asthma558

Etiology559

Pathophysiology559

Nursing Assessment560

Diagnosis Standard564

Therapeutic Management565

Anticipated Goals565

Nursing Diagnosis/Problems565

Prognosis569

Nursing Interventions570

Health Education forFamily and Children572

Outcome Evaluations572

Appendix 9-Ⅰ Pediatric Intensive Care573

第一节　小儿呼吸系统的解剖生理特点580

第九章　呼吸系统疾病患儿的护理580

二、呼吸道581

一、胸廓581

二、身体评估582

一、病史582

第二节　小儿呼吸系统疾病的评估582

三、实验室检查583

一、雾化治疗585

第三节　小儿呼吸系统疾病的治疗及护理技术585

四、影像学检查585

四、氧气治疗586

三、胸部物理治疗（CPT）586

二、体位引流586

五、人工通气587

六、体外膜肺（ECMO）589

一、上呼吸道感染590

第四节　呼吸道疾病患儿的护理590

二、急性喉炎591

三、急性支气管炎592

四、小儿肺炎593

第五节　哮喘患儿的护理602

附录9-1 儿科重症监护611

Chapter 10 Nursing Care of the Child with Cardiovascular Disorders615

The Fetal Circulation616

Embryologic Development of the Heart616

1．Anatomy and Physiology of the Childhood Cardiovascular616

The Transitional Circulation618

Heart Size,Heart Rate Blood Pressure of Children in Different Age Groups619

Altered Hemodynamics620

Overview620

2．Congenital Heart Disease(CHD)620

Classification621

Ventricular Septal Defect622

3．Common Congenital Heart Disease622

Atrial Septal Defect624

Patent Ductus Arteriosus626

Tetralogy of Fallot628

Pulmonary Stenosis631

4．Nursing Care of the Child with Congenital Heart Disease632

Assessment of Heart Disorders in Children633

Nursing Diagnoses and Interventions636

5．Viral Myocarditis638

6．Congestive Heart Failure640

7．Nursing Care of Child Undergoing Cardiac Catheterization648

一、心脏的胚胎发育652

第一节　小儿循环系统解剖生理特点652

第十章　心血管系统疾病患儿的护理652

三、出生后的改变653

二、胎儿循环653

四、正常各年龄小儿心脏、心率、血压的特点654

一、概述655

第二节　先天性心脏病655

三、分类656

二、先天性心脏病的血流动力学改变656

一、室间隔缺损657

第三节　临床常见的几型先天性心脏病657

二、房间隔缺损659

三、动脉导管未闭660

四、法洛四联症662

第四节　先天性心脏病患儿的护理664

五、肺动脉狭窄664

一、先天性心脏病患儿的评估665

二、护理诊断及护理措施667

第五节　病毒性心肌炎668

第六节　充血性心力衰竭669

第七节　心导管检查患儿的护理674

Chapter 11 Nursing Care of Children with Digestive Disorders677

下册677

1．Anatomy and Physiology of the Childhood Digestive System678

Characteristics of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance in Children680

2．Fluid and Electrolyte Balance and FluidTherapy680

Imbalances of Fluid,Electrolyte and Acid-Alkali681

Fluid Therapy686

Nursing Responsibilities in Fluid and Electrolyte Disturbances687

3．Childhood Diarrhea690

Stomatitis701

4．Nursing Care of Children with other Digestive Disorders701

Acute Necrotizing Enteritis702

Intussusception704

Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon707

第一节　小儿消化系统解剖生理特点712

第十一章　小儿消化系统疾病患儿的护理712

一、小儿体液平衡的特点714

第二节　水电解质平衡及体液疗法714

二、水、电解质和酸碱平衡紊乱715

三、液体疗法717

四、小儿液体疗法的护理特点718

第三节　小儿腹泻720

一、口炎727

第四节　其他消化系统疾病患儿的护理727

二、急性坏死性小肠炎728

三、肠套叠729

四、先天性巨结肠731

Chapter 12 Nursing Care of the Child with a Blood Disorder735

Hematopoiesis in Children736

1．Hematopoiesis and the Blood Components736

Blood and its Components737

2．Therapeutic Techniques Involving Blood and Blood Products738

3．Nursing Care of the Child with Disorders of the Red Blood Cells739

Introduction of Anemia740

Iron Deficiency Anemia741

Nutritional Megaloblastic Anemia746

Appendix 12-Ⅰ Anemia Associated with other Common Causes749

4．Nursing Care of the Child with Disorders of The White Blood Cells750

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura751

5．Nursing Care of the Child with Disorders of Blood Coagulation751

Hemophilia755

一、小儿造血759

第一节　小儿造血和血液特点759

第十二章　血液系统疾病患儿的护理759

二、血液特点760

第二节　血液和血制品相关的治疗技术761

一、贫血概述762

第三节　红细胞障碍性疾病762

二、营养性缺铁性贫血763

三、营养性巨幼红细胞性贫血766

附录12-1　其他常见小儿贫血性疾病见表12-3768

第四节　白细胞障碍性疾病769

一、原发性血小板减少性紫癜770

第五节　凝血功能障碍性疾病770

二、血友病772

Kidneys776

1．Anatomy and Physiology of the Childhood Urinary System776

Chapter 13 Nursing Care of the Child with a Renal or Urinary Tract Disorder776

Ureters777

Characteristics of Childhood Urine778

Urethra778

Bladder778

Patient History779

2．Assessment of Urinary Tract Structural Abnormalities and Dysfunction779

Physical Examination780

Diagnostic Tests781

3．Nursing Care of the Child with Acute Glomerulonephritis784

Typical Acute Glomerulonephritis785

4．Nursing Care of the Child with Nephrotic Syndrome790

5．Nursing Care of the Child with Urinary Tract Infection797

一、肾脏806

第一节　小儿泌尿系统的解剖和生理806

第十三章　泌尿系统疾病患儿的护理806

四、尿道807

三、膀胱807

二、输尿管807

一、病史808

第二节　小儿泌尿系统结构异常和功能障碍的评估808

五、小儿尿液的特点808

三、诊断性实验809

二、体格检查809

第三节　急性肾小球肾炎患儿的护理812

第四节　肾病综合征患儿的护理816

第五节　泌尿道感染患儿的护理822

Chapter 14 Nursing Care of the Child with a Neurologic Disorder828

Nursing Assessment of Child with Neurologic Disorder829

Growth and Development of Nervous System829

1．Assessing the Child with a Neurologic Disorder829

2．Hydrocephalus838

3．Cerebral Palsy840

4．Nervous System Infection844

Bacterial Meningitis845

Viral(Aseptiz)Meningitis850

Encephalitis852

Acute Postinfectious Polyneuropathy(Guillain Barré Syndrome)854

Reye Syndrome855

5．Epilepsy857

一、神经系统的生长发育871

第一节　神经系统疾病患儿的评估871

第十四章　神经系统疾病患儿的护理871

二、神经系统疾病患儿护理评估872

第二节　脑积水877

第三节　脑性瘫痪878

一、细菌性脑膜炎881

第四节　神经系统感染性疾病881

二、病毒性脑膜炎（非细菌性）885

三、脑炎886

四、急性感染性多发性神经根炎（格林巴利综合征）887

五、雷氏综合征888

第五节　癫痫889

Chapter 15 Nursing Care of the Child with a Musculoskeletal Disorder898

The Growth and Development of Child Bone and Muscle899

1．Overview on Nursing Care of the Child with a Musculoskeletal Disorder899

Nursing Assessment900

Nursing Planning902

Nursing Diagnosis902

Nursing Evaluation903

Nursing Implementation903

Cast904

2．Therapeutic Management of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Children904

Traction905

Crutches907

Distraction907

Bowlegs(Cenu Varum)908

Flat Feet908

3．Disorders of Bone Development908

Knock-Knees(Cenu Valgum)909

Toeing-In910

Scoliosis911

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip911

Osteomyelitis914

4．Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders of the Bones and Joints914

Septic Arthritis916

Synovitis917

Myasthenia Gravis918

5．Disorders of the Skeletal Muscles918

Dermatomyositis920

Muscular Dystrophies921

Shoulder Dislocation923

6．Disorders of the Extremities923

Radial Clubhand924

Nursemaid's Elbow924

Syndactyly925

Polydactyly925

Ganglion925

Knee Injuries926

Foot Injuries927

第十五章　骨骼肌肉疾病患儿的护理929

二、护理评估930

一、小儿骨骼肌肉的生长930

第一节骨　骼肌肉系统疾病患儿的护理概述930

五、护理措施932

四、护理计划932

三、护理诊断932

一、石膏933

第二节　骨骼肌肉疾病患儿的治疗措施933

六、护理评价933

二、牵引934

一、平跖足936

第三节　骨骼发育不良性疾病936

三、分开术936

四、拐杖936

三、膝外翻937

二、膝内翻937

五、髋关节发育不良938

四、趾内翻938

六、脊柱侧弯939

一、骨髓炎941

第四节　骨关节感染和炎症941

二、化脓性关节炎942

一、重症肌无力943

第五节　骨骼肌肉疾病943

三、滑膜炎943

三、肌肉营养不良945

二、皮肌炎945

三、桡骨缺失性畸形手947

二、保姆肘（桡骨头半脱位）947

第六节　肢体疾病947

一、肩关节脱臼947

七、膝部损伤948

六、并指948

四、腱鞘囊肿948

五、多指948

八、足部损伤949

Chapter 16 Nursing Care of the Child with an Endocrine or Metabolic Disorder951

Hypopituitarism952

1．Disorders Caused by Pituitary Gland Dysfunction952

Hyperpituitarism953

Diabetes Insipidus954

Hypothyroidism956

2．Disorders of the Thyroid Gland956

Hyperthyroidism958

Acute Adrenocortical Insufficiency960

3．Disorders of the Adrenal Gland960

Adrenocortical Hyperfunction961

Chronic Adrenocortical Insufficiency961

4．Disorders of the Parathyroid Glands962

Hypoparathyroidism963

Hyperparathyroidism964

Phenylketonuria966

5．Metabolic Disorders966

Galactosemia967

Childhood Diabetes Mellitus968

第十六章 内分泌疾病或代谢疾病患儿的护理975

二、垂体功能亢进症976

一、垂体功能低下症976

第一节　垂体功能失调性疾病976

三、尿崩症977

第二节　甲状腺功能失调性疾病978

一、甲状腺功能减低症979

二、甲状腺功能亢进症980

一、急性肾上腺功能不足981

第三节　肾上腺功能失调性疾病981

三、肾上腺功能亢进982

二、慢性肾上腺功能不足982

一、甲状旁腺功能减退症983

第四节 甲状旁腺功能失调性疾病983

二、甲状旁腺功能亢进症984

一、苯丙酮尿症985

第五节　代谢性疾病985

二、半乳糖血症986

三、小儿糖尿病987

1．Characteristics of Childhood Immune System992

Chapter 17 Nursing Care of the Child with Immune System and Connective Tissue Disorders992

Specific Immune System993

Nonspecific Immune System993

2．Primary Immunodeficiency Disease(PID)994

Rheumatic Fever1000

3．Disorders of Connective Tissue1000

Juvenile Rheumatoid Disease1004

Anaphylactoid Purpura1010

Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome1013

第一节　小儿免疫系统特征1018

第十七章　免疫缺陷病及结缔组织病患儿的护理1018

二、特异性免疫1019

一、非特异性免疫1019

第二节　原发性免疫缺陷病1020

一、风湿热1023

第三节　结缔组织病1023

二、儿童类风湿病1026

三、过敏性紫癜1030

四、皮肤黏膜淋巴结综合征1032

1．Overview1035

Chapter 18 Nursing Care of the Child with Genetic Disorders1035

2．Down Syndrome1037

3．Glycogen Storage Diseases1040

TypeⅠ Glycogen Storage Disease1041

Nursing Considerations1042

TypeⅡ Glycogen Storage Disease1042

第一节　概述1044

第十八章　遗传性疾病患儿护理1044

第二节　21-三体综合征1045

第三节　糖原累积病1047

一、Ⅰ型糖原累积病1048

三、糖原累积病护理1049

二、Ⅱ型糖原累积病1049

Chapter 19 Nursing Care of the Child with an Infectious Disorder1051

1．Infectious Process1052

2．Preventing the Spread of Infections in the Hospital1054

Measles(Rubeola)1057

3．Viral Infections1057

Chickenpox(Varicella)1060

Mumps(Epidemic Parotitis)1063

Poliomyelitis1065

Epidemic Encephalitis B1069

4．Bacterial Infections1072

Pertussis(Whooping Cough)1073

Bacillary Dysentery,Toxic Type1077

Childhood Tuberculosis1080

第一节　传染过程1091

第十九章　传染病患儿的护理1091

第二节　预防院内感染的传播1093

一、麻疹1094

第三节　病毒感染性疾病1094

二、水痘1097

三、流行性腮腺炎1099

四、脊髓灰质炎1100

五、流行性乙型脑炎1103

一、百日咳1105

第四节　细菌感染性疾病1105

二、中毒型细菌性痢疾1108

三、小儿结核1110

1．General Guidelines for Caring Children in Emergency1118

Chapter 20 Nursing Care of Children in Emergency1118

Try to Avoid Separating the Child and Parents1119

Acknowledge the Child's and Family Fears1119

Communicate an Attitude of Calm Confidence1119

2．Assessment of Infants and Children in Emergency1120

Assess the Child's Unspoken Thoughts and Feelings1120

Provide Incentives and Rewards1120

Primary Assessment1121

Secondary Assessment1124

Clear Airway1127

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation(CPR)1127

3．The Sequence of Pediatric Basic Life Support(BLS)and Child1127

Circulation1129

4．Nursing Care of a Child with Respiratory Distress/Failure1131

5．Nursing Care of a Child with Acute Increased Intracranial Pressure1135

6．Nursing Care of a Child with Airway Obstruction by Foreign Body1140

一、以沉着从容及自信的态度与患儿及家属交流1145

第一节　小儿急症护理常规1145

第二十章　小儿急症护理1145

五、了解患儿的想法和感觉1146

四、提供鼓励和奖赏1146

二、接受患儿及其家庭的恐惧心理1146

三、最好避免使患儿与其家长分离1146

一、首次评估1147

第二节　小儿急症的评估1147

二、再次评估1149

一、保持气道开放1151

第三节　小儿基本生命支持程序及心肺复苏1151

二、建立血循环1153

第四节　呼吸窘迫／呼吸衰竭患儿的护理1154

第五节　急性颅内压增高患儿的护理1157

第六节　异物阻塞患儿的护理1160

Chapter 21 Nursing Care of the Child with Cancer1164

Diagnosis Procedures1165

Clinical Manifestation1165

1．Assessing Children with Malignancies1165

History1165

Cancer Treatment in Children1167

Staging of Malignancy1167

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia1169

2．Nursing Care of Children with Leukemia1169

Acute Myeloid Leukemia1177

Hodgkin's Disease1178

3．The Lymphoma1178

Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma1181

4．Nursing Care of Children with Neoplasms of the Brain1183

5．Nursing Care of Children with Osteogenic Sarcoma1187

Neuroblastoma1190

6．Nursing Care of Children with other Childhood Neoplasms1190

Wilms'Tumor (Nephroblastoma)1191

Transition to Palliative Care1193

7．Childhood Palliative Care1193

Principles of Palliative Care1194

Appendix 21-Ⅰ Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation1196

第二十一章　肿瘤患儿的护理1200

三、辅助检查1201

二、临床表现1201

第一节　恶性肿瘤患儿的评估1201

一、病史1201

五、小儿肿瘤常见的治疗方法1202

四、肿瘤分期1202

一、急性淋巴细胞性白血病1203

第二节　白血病患儿的护理1203

二、急性髓细胞性白血病1209

一、霍奇金病1210

第三节　淋巴瘤患儿的护理1210

二、非霍奇金淋巴瘤1212

第四节　脑肿瘤患儿的护理1213

第五节　骨肉瘤患儿的护理1216

一、神经母细胞瘤1217

第六节　其他肿瘤疾病患儿的护理1217

二、威尔姆瘤（肾母细胞瘤）1218

第七节　小儿姑息治疗1219

二、姑息治疗的原则1220

一、由积极治疗转为姑息治疗1220

附录21-1　造血干细胞移植1221

Chapter 22 Nursing Care of the Child with Cognitive or Mental Health Disorders1224

1．Classification of Childhood Mental Disorders1225

2．Mental Retardation1226

3．Autistic Disorder1231

4．Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder1233

5．Anxiety Disorders of Childhood or Adolescence1235

6．Eating Disorders1236

Anorexia Nervosa1237

Pica1237

Bulimia Nervosa1240

7．Tourette's Syndrome1241

Functional Encopresis1242

8．Elimination Disorders1242

Functional Enuresis1243

9．Suicide1244

第一节　小儿精神疾患的分类1248

第二十二章　认知或精神障碍小儿的护理1248

第二节　精神发育迟滞1249

第三节　孤独症1253

第四节　注意缺陷多动障碍1255

第五节　儿童焦虑症1257

二、神经性厌食1258

一、异食癖1258

第六节　进食障碍1258

三、神经性贪食1260

第七节　多发性抽动症1261

一、功能性遗粪1262

第八节　排泄障碍1262

第九节　自杀1263

二、功能性遗尿1263

A．Mean Values of Physical Growth of Chinese Children1266

Appendix1266

B．Reference Ranges for Laboratory Tests1267

一、正常小儿体格发育衡量指标1273

附录1273

二、常用小儿临床检验参考值1274

参考书目1280

英文索引1281

中文索引1287