第三人合同权利比较研究PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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1 Introduction to Chinese contract law1

1.1 Historical review of the Chinese Contract Law1

1.1.1 From 1840 to 19501

1.1.2 From 1950 to 19797

1.1.3 From 1979 to 199911

1.1.3.1 The Chinese constitution11

1.1.3.2 Three contract statutes13

1.1.3.3 The Chinese Civil Law17

1.1.3.4 Constitution revision19

1.1.3.5 Call for reform20

1.1.3.6 The Chinese Economic Contract Law modification22

1.2 Chinese Contract Law 199923

1.2.1 Background23

1.2.2 Purpose of the law25

1.2.3 Definition of contract25

1.2.4 The fundamental principles27

1.2.4.1 Freedom of contract27

1.2.4.2 Justice， trustworthiness and honesty28

1.2.5 Privity doctrine in the 1999 Chinese Contract Law31

1.2.6 Legal theories-exceptions to the privity doctrine33

1.2.6.1 Agency33

1.2.6.2 Assignment34

1.2.6.3 Subrogation38

1.3 Theories on rights of third parties in China39

1.3.1 Basic theories on rights of third parties39

1.3.1.1 Nature of the contract for third parties’ right39

1.3.1.2 Legal effect on the third party42

1.3.1.3 Legal effect on the obligee44

1.3.1.4 Legal effect on the obligor46

1.3.2 Comparative study on rights of third parties47

1.4 Experiences from reform of rights of third parties48

1.4.1 Precedents for reform48

1.4.2 Value of comparative study to Chinese Contract Law53

2 Basic theory of third party rights57

2.1 Role of the privity doctrine in China57

2.1.1 Origin of the privity doctrine in China57

2.1.2 The embodiment of the privity doctrine in Chinese Statutes60

2.1.3 Application of the privity doctrine in Chinese judicial practice62

2.1.3.1 Contracts of sale64

2.1.3.2 Lease contracts67

2.1.3.3 Contracts for financial lease71

2.1.3.4 Contracts for work73

2.1.3.5 Contract of storage74

2.2Exceptions to the privity doctrine in China75

2.2.1 Creating exceptions to the privity doctrine on basic principles76

2.2.1.1 Principle -Freedom of contract80

2.2.1.2The principle of justice ＆ the principle of honesty and trustworthiness90

2.3 Various ways of application of fundamental principles to produce exceptions to the privity doctrine97

2.3.1 Forseeable third party benefits and damages97

2.3.1.1 Landlord’s liability to third parties97

2.3.1.2Contractual chains98

2.3.1.3Contracts of services100

2.3.2Third party beneficiary’s reliance102

2.3.3Performance objectives of the contracting parties’ transactions107

2.3.3.1Interpretation of contracts108

2.3.3.2 Substantial breach of contracts108

2.4Call for reform110

2.4.1The existing problems of the ways to creat exceptions to the privity doctrine110

2.4.2Problems arising from article 64 of the Chinese Contract Law113

3Test of enforceability116

3.1Various tests for third parties acquiring enforceable right beyond privity117

3.1.1 Intention test117

3.1.1.1Intention to give enforceable right to third parties expressly117

3.1.1.2Intent-to-benefit test120

3.1.1.3 Dual intention test133

3.1.2 Performance objective test139

3.1.2.1American law139

3.1.2.2 German law142

3.1.2.3French law145

3.1.3Justice test145

3.1.3.1 American law146

3.1.3.2French law147

3.1.3.3German law149

3.2 Recommendation of tests for the third party rule in Chinese law reform151

3.2.1The preferred test151

3.2.2The application of the preferred test157

3.2.2.1Liability for defective products157

3.2.2.2Liability for defective construction162

3.2.3Liability for professional service182

3.2.3.1Liability to disappointed legatees182

3.2.3.2Liability of professionals to third parties196

3.3Conclusion198

4 Variation and cancellation201

4.1Guideline to establish variation and cancellation rules201

4.2Various possible tests207

4.2.1Awareness208

4.2.2Intimation to the third party and delivery of document to the third party211

4.2.3Acceptance213

4.2.4Reliance223

4.2.4.1Conduct induced by the belief of the contract224

4.2.4.2Reasonable anticipation225

4.2.4.3Material change of position227

4.2.4.4Protection of the third party’s expectation interest229

4.2.4.5Burden of proof231

4.2.4.6Detrimental reliance232

4.2.5 Put the contract out of contracting parties’ power234

4.2.6Promisee’s death236

4.3Reservation of right to vary or cancel240

4.3.1Right to choose the crystallisation test241

4.3.2Right to set condition244

4.3.3Reservation of the right of variation or cancellation245

4.4Judicial discretion to authorise or prohibit variation or cancellation249

4.5Conclusion253

5Defences， set - offs and counterclaims against the third party255

5.1Validity of the third party’s enforceable right256

5.2Validity and enforcement of the contract260

5.2.1Contracts awaiting being validated260

5.2.2Invalid contract264

5.2.3Voidable contract266

5.2.4Conditional contract268

5.3Defences based on the promisee’s action or inaction270

5.3.1Invalidity of rescission of the contract as a result of the promisee’s action or inaction270

5.3.2Defences based on the promisee’s non-perfor-mance or unsatisfactory performance272

5.3.3Insurance contracts277

5.3.4Contracts involving multiple transactions281

5.4 Defences based on the third party’s action or inaction283

5.4.1Invalidity of the contract caused by the third party’s action or inaction284

5.4.2The third party’s cooperation required by the principle of honesty and trustworthiness285

5.4.3Negative prescription rule applied in the third party’s claim286

5.4.4Pre - condition of the third party’s claim287

5.5Defences based on exemption clauses290

5.5.1Statutory grounds for exemption293

5.5.2 Promissory grounds for exemption295

5.5.3Defences against the third party’s claim for specific performance297

5.6Some Specific issues299

5.6.1Relation between a promisee and a third party299

5.6.2Set-offs available to the promisor301

5.6.3Counter-claim available to the promisor303

5.7Conclusion305

6The third party’s remedies308

6.1Third party’s right to contractual remedies308

6.2The application of the English 1999 Act311

6.2.1The test of enforceability311

6.2.2 The application of the Act in some past cases313

6.2.2.1Construction cases313

6.2.2.2Junior Books v Veitchi Co Ltd318

6.2.2.3Negligent will-drafting320

6.3The third party rule and existing problems322

6.3.1Role of the third party rule322

6.3.2 Black hole problem of characterisation326

6.3.3Solutions in English law329

6.3.3.1Narrow ground331

6.3.3.2Broad ground333

6.3.3.3Problems of English solutions for solving the black hole problem334

6.3.4Application of English solutions in recent Scottish cases335

6.4The third party’s loss remedies-comparative study339

6.4.1German law339

6.4.1.1Transferred loss339

6.4.1.2Contracts with protective effects towards third parties342

6.4.2French law343

6.4.3 Chinese law346

6.4.3.1Statutes and regulations providing remedies for third parties346

6.4.3.2 Third persons in action347

6.5Conclusion351

7Conclusion356

7.1Theoretical framework for the rule of third party right in China356

7.1.1Reasons for the Chinese reform356

7.1.2Framework of the third party rule in China360

7.1.2.1Primary issues360

7.1.2.2 The proposed third party rule in China and the existing statutes365

7.2 Recommendations and open-ended research369

Bibliography372