三维模型分析与处理 英文PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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1 Introduction1

1.1 Background1

1.1.1 Technical Development Course of Multimedia1

1.1.2 Information Explosion3

1.1.3 Network Information Security6

1.1.4 Technical Requirements of 3D Models9

1.2 Concepts and Descriptions of 3D Models11

1.2.1 3D Models11

1.2.2 3D Modeling Schemes13

1.2.3 Polygon Meshes20

1.2.4 3D Model File Formats and Processing Software22

1.3 Overview of 3D Model Analysis and Processing31

1.3.1 Overview of 3D Model Processing Techniques31

1.3.2 Overview of 3D Model Analysis Techniques35

1.4 Overview of Multimedia Compression Techniques38

1.4.1 Concepts of Data Compression38

1.4.2 Overview of Audio Compression Techniques39

1.4.3 Overview of Image Compression Techniques42

1.4.4 Overview of Video Compression Techniques46

1.5 Overview of Digital Watermarking Techniques48

1.5.1 Requirement Background48

1.5.2 Concepts of Digital Watermarks50

1.5.3 Basic Framework of Digital Watermarking Systems51

1.5.4 Communication-Based Digital Watermarking Models52

1.5.5 Classification of Digital Watermarking Techniques54

1.5.6 Applications of Digital Watermarking Techniques56

1.5.7 Characteristics of Watermarking Systems58

1.6 Overview of Multimedia Retrieval Techniques62

1.6.1 Concepts of Information Retrieval62

1.6.2 Summary of Content-Based Multimedia Retrieval65

1.6.3 Content-Based Image Retrieval67

1.6.4 Content-Based Video Retrieval70

1.6.5 Content-Based Audio Retrieval74

1.7 Overview of Multimedia Perceptual Hashing Techniques80

1.7.1 Basic Concept of Hashing Functions80

1.7.2 Concepts and Properties of Perceptual Hashing Functions81

1.7.3 The State-of-the-Art of Perceptual Hashing Functions83

1.7.4 Applications of Perceptual Hashing Functions85

1.8 Main Content of This Book87

References88

2 3D Mesh Compression91

2.1 Introduction91

2.1.1 Background91

2.1.2 Basic Concepts and Definitions93

2.1.3 Algorithm Classification100

2.2 Single-Rate Connectivity Compression102

2.2.1 Representation of Indexed Face Set103

2.2.2 Triangle-Strip-Based Connectivity Coding104

2.2.3 Spanning-Tree-Based Connectivity Coding105

2.2.4 Layered-Decomposition-Based Connectivity Coding107

2.2.5 Valence-Driven Connectivity Coding Approach108

2.2.6 Triangle Conquest Based Connectivity Coding111

2.2.7 Summary115

2.3 Progressive Connectivity Compression116

2.3.1 Progressive Meshes117

2.3.2 Patch Coloring121

2.3.3 Valence-Driven Conquest122

2.3.4 Embedded Coding124

2.3.5 Layered Decomposition125

2.3.6 Summary126

2.4 Spatial-Domain Geometry Compression127

2.4.1 Scalar Quantization128

2.4.2 Prediction129

2.4.3 k-d Tree132

2.4.4 Octree Decomposition133

2.5 Transform Based Geometric Compression134

2.5.1 Single-Rate Spectral Compression ofMesh Geometry135

2.5.2 Progressive Compression Based on Wavelet Transform136

2.5.3 Geometry Image Coding139

2.5.4 Summary140

2.6 Geometry Compression Based on Vector Quantization141

2.6.1 Introduction to Vector Quantization142

2.6.2 Quantization of 3D Model Space Vectors142

2.6.3 PVQ-Based Geometry Compression143

2.6.4 Fast VQ Compression for 3D Mesh Models144

2.6.5 VQ Scheme Based on Dynamically Restricted Codebook147

2.7 Summary155

References155

3 3D Model Feature Extraction161

3.1 Introduction161

3.1.1 Background161

3.1.2 Basic Concepts and Definitions164

3.1.3 Classification of 3D Feature Extraction Algorithms167

3.2 Statistical Feature Extraction168

3.2.1 3D Moments of Surface169

3.2.2 3D Zernike Moments171

3.2.3 3D Shape Histograms173

3.2.4 Point Density176

3.2.5 Shape Distribution Functions180

3.2.6 Extended Gaussian Image185

3.3 Rotation-Based Shape Descriptor188

3.3.1 Proposed Algorithm190

3.3.2 Experimental Results193

3.4 Vector-Quantization-Based Feature Extraction194

3.4.1 Detailed Procedure194

3.4.2 Experimental Results197

3.5 Global Geometry Feature Extraction198

3.5.1 Ray-Based Geometrical Feature Representation199

3.5.2 Weighted Point Sets201

3.5.3 Other Methods202

3.6 Signal-Analysis-Based Feature Extraction203

3.6.1 Fourier Descriptor203

3.6.2 Spherical Harmonic Analysis206

3.6.3 Wavelet Transform209

3.7 Visual-Image-Based Feature Extraction214

3.7.1 Methods on Based 2D Functional Projection214

3.7.2 Methods on Based 2D Planar View Mapping218

3.8 Topology-Based Feature Extraction220

3.8.1 Introduction220

3.8.2 Multi-resolution Reeb Graph222

3.8.3 Skeleton Graph224

3.9 Appearance-Based Feature Extraction226

3.9.1 Introduction226

3.9.2 Color Feature Extraction227

3.9.3 Texture Feature Extraction228

3.10 Summary228

References230

4 Content-Based 3D Model Retrieval237

4.1 Introduction237

4.1.1 Background237

4.1.2 Performance Evaluation Criteria239

4.2 Content-Based 3D Model Retrieval Framework244

4.2.1 Overview of Content-Based 3D Model Retrieval244

4.2.2 Challenges in Content-Based 3D Model Retrieval246

4.2.3 Framework of Content-Based 3D Model Retrieval247

4.2.4 Important Issues in Content-Based 3D Model Retrieval248

4.3 Preprocessing of 3D Models250

4.3.1 Overview250

4.3.2 Pose Normalization251

4.3.3 Polygon Triangulation256

4.3.4 Mesh Segmentation258

4.3.5 Vertex Clustering260

4.4 Feature Extraction261

4.4.1 Primitive-Based Feature Extraction261

4.4.2 Statistics-Based Feature Extraction265

4.4.3 Geometry-Based Feature Extraction268

4.4.4 View-Based Feature Extraction272

4.5 Similarity Matching273

4.5.1 Distance Metrics273

4.5.2 Graph-Matching Algorithms275

4.5.3 Machine-Learning Methods277

4.5.4 Semantic Measurements286

4.6 Query Style and User Interface288

4.6.1 Query by Example288

4.6.2 Query by 2D Projections289

4.6.3 Query by 2D Sketches292

4.6.4 Query by 3D Sketches292

4.6.5 Query by Text293

4.6.6 Multimodal Queries and Relevance Feedback294

4.7 Summary295

References297

5 3D Model Watermarking305

5.1 Introduction305

5.2 3D Model Watermarking System and Its Requirements307

5.2.1 Digital Watermarking308

5.2.2 3D Model Watermarking Framework309

5.2.3 Difficulties310

5.2.4 Requirements311

5.3 Classifications of 3D Model WatermarkingAlgorithms316

5.3.1 Classification According to Redundancy Utilization316

5.3.2 Classification According to Robustness317

5.3.3 Classification According to Complexity318

5.3.4 Classification According to Embedding Domains318

5.3.5 Classification According to Obliviousness319

5.3.6 Classification According to 3D Model Types319

5.3.7 Classification According to Reversibility319

5.3.8 Classification According to Transparency320

5.4 Spatial-Domain-Based 3D Model Watermarking320

5.4.1 Vertex Disturbance321

5.4.2 Modifying Distances or Lengths325

5.4.3 Adopting Triangle/Strip as Embedding Primitives329

5.4.4 Using a Tetrahedron as the Embedding Primitive333

5.4.5 Topology Structure Adjustment336

5.4.6 Modification of Surface Normal Distribution336

5.4.7 Attribute Modification337

5.4.8 Redundancy-Based Methods337

5.5 A Robust Adaptive 3D Mesh Watermarking Scheme337

5.5.1 Watermarking Scheme338

5.5.2 Parameter Control for Watermark Embedding342

5.5.3 Experimental Results347

5.5.4 Conclusions351

5.6 3D Watermarking in Transformed Domains352

5.6.1 Mesh Watermarking in Wavelet Transform Domains352

5.6.2 Mesh Watermarking in the RST Invariant Space353

5.6.3 Mesh Watermarking Based on the Burt-Adelson Pyramid354

5.6.4 Mesh Watermarking Based on Fourier Analysis359

5.6.5 Other Algorithms361

5.7 Watermarking Schemes for Other Types of 3D Models362

5.7.1 Watermarking Methods for NURBS Curves and Surfaces362

5.7.2 3D Volume Watermarking363

5.7.3 3D Animation Watermarking363

5.8 Summary364

References366

6 Reversible Data Hiding in 3D Models371

6.1 Introduction372

6.1.1 Background372

6.1.2 Requirements and Performance Evaluation Criteria373

6.2 Reversible Data Hiding for Digital Images374

6.2.1 Classification ofReversible Data Hiding Schemes374

6.2.2 Difference-Expansion-Based Reversible Data Hiding376

6.2.3 Histogram-Shifting-Based Reversible Data Hiding379

6.2.4 Applications of Reversible Data Hiding for Images380

6.3 Reversible Data Hiding for 3D Models381

6.3.1 General System381

6.3.2 Challenges of 3D Model Reversible Data Hiding382

6.3.3 Algorithm Classification383

6.4 Spatial Domain 3D Model Reversible Data Hiding383

6.4.1 3D MeshAuthentication384

6.4.2 Encoding Stage385

6.4.3 Decoding Stage387

6.4.4 Experimental Results and Discussions388

6.5 Compressed Domain 3D Model Reversible Data Hiding390

6.5.1 Scheme Overview391

6.5.2 Predictive Vector Quantization392

6.5.3 Data Embedding393

6.5.4 Data Extraction and Mesh Recovery394

6.5.5 Performance Analysis394

6.5.6 Experimental Results395

6.5.7 Capacity Enhancement397

6.6 Transform Domain Reversible 3D Model Data Hiding401

6.6.1 Introduction402

6.6.2 Scheme Overview403

6.6.3 Data Embedding405

6.6.4 Data Extraction408

6.6.5 Experimental Results409

6.6.6 Bit-Shifting-Based Coefficients Modulation410

6.7 Summary411

References412

Index417