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1 INTRODUCTION:PHYSICAL QUANTITIES,UNITS,AND MATHEMATICAL OVERVIEW1

1.1 Physics:An Introduction2

1.2 Physical Quantities and Units6

Things Great and Small:Quest for Microscopic Standards for Basic Units9

1.3 Measurement,Accuracy,and Uncertainty;Significant Figures11

1.4 Exponents14

1.5 Scientific Notation and Powers of 1015

1.6 Logarithms17

1.7 The Rules of Algebra18

1.8 Angles,Triangles,and Simple Trigonometry22

Summary25

Conceptual Questions25

Problems26

Construct Your Own Problem27

2 KINEMATICS28

2.1 Displacement29

2.2 Time,Velocity,and Speed30

2.3 Acceleration32

2.4 Motion Equations for Constant Acceleration in One Dimension36

2.5 Problem-Solving Basics42

2.6 Falling Objects43

2.7 Graphical Analysis of One-Dimensional Motion46

Summary50

Conceptual Questions50

Problems52

Unreasonable Results55

Construct Your Own Problem55

3 TWO-DIMENSIONAL KINEMATICS56

3.1 Kinematics in Two Dimensions: An Introduction57

3.2 Vector Definitions and Graphical Methods of Vector Addition and Subtraction58

3.3 Analytical Methods of Vector Addition and Subtraction61

3.4 Projectile Motion64

3.5 Addition of Velocities69

Summary74

Conceptual Questions75

Problems76

Unreasonable Results80

Construct Your Own Problem80

4 DYNAMICS:NEWTON S LAWS OF MOTION81

4.1 Force:The Concept82

4.2 Newton s First Law of Motion:Mass83

4.3 Newton s Second Law of Motion:Concept of a System84

4.4 Newton s Third Law of Motion:Symmetry87

4.5 Weight,Friction,Tension,and Other Classes of Forces90

Things Great and Small:Submicroscopic Explanations of Friction95

4.6 The Four Basic Forces:An Introduction99

4.7 Further Applications of Newton s Laws of Motion:Problem-Solving Strategies101

Summary107

Conceptual Questions108

Problems109

Integrated Concepts113

Problem-Solving Strategy113

Unreasonable Results115

Construct Your Own Problem115

5 STATICS,TORQUE,AND ELASTICITY116

5.1 The First Condition for Equilibrium117

5.2 The Second Condition for Equilibrium118

5.3 Center of Mass;Center of Gravity121

5.4 Stability123

5.5 Applications of Statics, Including Problem-Solving Strategies124

5.6 Simple Machines127

5.7 Forces and Torques in Muscles and Joints129

5.8 Elasticity:Stress and Strain133

Summary137

Conceptual Questions138

Problems140

Integrated Concepts146

Unreasonable Results146

Construct Your Own Problem146

6 WORK, ENERGY,AND POWER147

6.1 Work:The Scientific Definition148

6.2 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem149

6.3 Gravitational Potential Energy152

6.4 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy154

6.5 Nonconservative Forces:Open Systems157

6.6 Conservation of Energy159

6.7 Power161

6.8 Work,Energy,and Power in Humans;Introduction to Efficiency163

Summary166

Conceptual Questions167

Problems167

Integrated Concepts171

Problem-Solving Strategy171

Unreasonable Results172

Construct Your Own Problem172

7 UNEAR MOMENTUM173

7.1 Linear Momentum and Force174

7.2 Impulse176

7.3 Conservation of Momentum177

Things Great and Small:Submicroscopic Collisions and Momentum179

7.4 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension179

7.5 Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension181

7.6 Collisions of Point Masses in Two Dimensions183

7.7 Introduction to Rocket Propulsion186

Summary188

Conceptual Questions188

Problems189

Integrated Concepts192

Unreasonable Results193

Construct Your Own Problem193

8 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION AND GRAVITATION194

8.1 Rotation Angle and Angular Velocity195

8.2 Centripetal Acceleration197

8.3 Centripetal Force199

8.4 Fictitious Forces and Noninertial Frames:The Coriolis Force201

8.5 Newton s Universal Law of Gravitation203

8.6 Satellites and Kepler s Laws:An Argument for Simplicity207

Summary211

Conceptual Questions212

Problems214

Integrated Concepts216

Unreasonable Results217

Construct Your Own Problem217

9 ROTATIONAL MOTION AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM218

9.1 Angular Acceleration219

9.2 Kinematics of Rotational Motion221

9.3 Dynamics of Rotational Motion:Rotational Inertia224

9.4 Rotational Kinetic Energy:Work-Energy Revisited227

9.5 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation231

9.6 Collisions of Extended Bodies in Two Dimensions: A Brief Treatment of Things that Go Bump and Spin235

9.7 Gyroscopic Effects: Vector Aspects of Angular Momentum237

Summary239

Conceptual Questions239

Problems241

Integrated Concepts243

Unreasonable Results244

Construct Your Own Problem244

10 FLUID STATICS245

10.1 What Is a Fluid?246

10.2 Density247

10.3 Pressure248

10.4 Variation of Pressure with Depth in a Fluid249

10.5 Pascal s Principle251

10.6 Gauge Pressure, Absolute Pressure,and Pressure Measurement253

10.7 Archimedes Principle: Buoyant Force,Density Measurement, and Why Some Things Float255

10.8 Cohesion and Adhesion in Liquids:Surface Tension and Capillary Action260

10.9 Pressures in the Body and Their Measurement264

Summary267

Conceptual Questions268

Problems269

Integrated Concepts272

Unreasonable Results273

Construct Your Own Problem273

11 FLUID DYNAMICS274

11.1 Flow Rate and Its Relation to Velocity275

11.2 Bernoulli s Equation277

11.3 The Most General Applications of Bernoulli s Equation280

11.4 Viscosity and Laminar Flow:Poiseuille s Law281

11.5 The Onset of Turbulence285

11.6 Motion of an Object in a Viscous Fluid286

11.7 Molecular Transport Phenomena: Diffusion,Osmosis, and Related Processes287

Summary290

Conceptual Questions290

Problems291

Unreasonable Results294

Construct Your Own Problem294

12 TEMPERATURE, KINETIC THEORY, AND THE GAS LAWS295

12.1 Temperature296

12.2 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids298

12.3 The Ideal Gas Law301

12.4 Kinetic Theory: Molecular Explanation of Pressure and Temperature305

Things Great and Small: Submicroscopic Origin of Pressure in a Gas306

12.5 Phase Changes309

12.6 Humidity, Evaporation, and Boiling311

Summary314

Conceptual Questions315

Problems316

Integrated Concepts318

Unreasonable Results318

Construct Your Own Problem318

13 HEAT AND HEAT TRANSFER METHODS319

13.1 Heat320

13.2 Temperature Change and Specific Heat321

13.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat324

13.4 Introduction to Heat Transfer Methods328

13.5 Conduction329

13.6 Convection332

13.7 Radiation334

Summary338

Conceptual Questions339

Problems340

Integrated Concepts343

Unreasonable Results344

Construct Your Own Problem344

14 THERMODYNAMICS345

14.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics346

14.2 The First Law and Some Simple Processes349

14.3 Introduction to the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Heat Engines and Their Efficiency353

14.4 Carnot s Perfect Heat Engine:The Second Law of Thermodynamics Restated357

14.5 Heat Pumps and Refrigerators359

14.6 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Disorder and the Unavailability of Energy362

14.7 Statistical interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law: The Underlying Explanation367

Summary370

Conceptual Questions371

Problems372

Integrated Concepts375

Problem-Solving Strategy376

Unreasonable Results377

Construct Your Own Problem377

15 OSCILLATORY MOTION AND WAVES378

15.1 Hooke s Law: Stress and Strain Recalled379

15.2 Period and Frequency in Oscillations381

15.3 Simple Harmonic Motion:A Special Periodic Motion382

15.4 The Simple Pendulum384

15.5 Energy and the Simple Harmonic Oscillator385

15.6 Uniform Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion387

15.7 Damped Harmonic Motion388

15.8 Forced Oscillations and Resonance389

15.9 Waves391

15.10 Superposition and Interference393

15.11 Energy in Waves: Intensity396

Summary398

Conceptual Questions399

Problems400

Integrated Concepts404

Unreasonable Results404

Construct Your Own Problem404

16 SOUND AND HEARING405

16.1 Sound406

16.2 Speed of Sound, Frequency,and Wavelength407

16.3 Sound Intensity and Sound Level409

16.4 Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms411

16.5 Sound Interference and Resonance:Standing Waves in Air Columns415

16.6 Hearing419

16.7 Ultrasound424

Summary427

Conceptual Questions428

Problems429

Integrated Concepts431

Unreasonable Results432

Construct Your Own Problem432

17 ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD433

17.1 Static Electricity and Charge:Conservation of Charge434

Things Great and Small:The Submicroscopic Origin of Charge436

17.2 Conductors and Insulators:Charging by Contact and by Induction437

17.3 Coulomb s Law439

17.4 Electric Field: Concept of a Field Revisited441

17.5 Electric Field Lines:Multiple Charges442

17.6 Conductors and Electric Fields in Static Equilibrium444

17.7 Applications of Electrostatics446

Summary448

Conceptual Questions449

Problems450

Integrated Concepts453

Problem-Solving Strategy453

Unreasonable Results455

Construct Your Own Problem455

18 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND ELECTRIC ENERGY456

18.1 Electric Potential Energy:Potential Difference457

18.2 Electric Potential in a Uniform Electric Field460

18.3 Electric Potential Due to a Point Charge462

18.4 Equipotential Lines463

18.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics465

Things Great and Small:The Submicroscopic Origin of Polarization468

18.6 Capacitors in Series and Parallel469

18.7 Energy Stored in Capacitors471

Summary472

Conceptual Questions473

Problems474

Integrated Concepts476

Unreasonable Results477

Construct Your Own Problem477

19 ELECTRIC CURRENT, RESISTANCE,AND OHM S LAW478

19.1 Current479

19.2 Ohm s Law:Resistance and Simple Circuits482

19.3 Resistance and Resistivity484

19.4 Electric Power and Energy486

19.5 Alternating Current versus Direct Current488

19.6 Electric Hazards,Thermal and Shock491

19.7 Nerve Conduction-Electrocardiograms494

Summary498

Conceptual Questions499

Problems500

Integrated Concepts502

Problem-Solving Strategy502

Unreasonable Results504

Construct Your Own Problem504

20 CIRCUITS AND DC INSTRUMENTS505

20.1 Resistors in Series and Parallel506

20.2 Electromotive Force: Terminal Voltage512

Things Great and Small:The Submicroscopic Origin of Battery Potential513

20.3 Kirchhoff s Rules516

20.4 DC Voltmeters and Ammeters519

20.5 Null Measurements521

20.6 DC Circuits Containing Resistors and Capacitors523

Summary525

Conceptual Questions526

Problems528

Integrated Concepts531

Unreasonable Results532

Construct Your Own Problem532

21 MAGNETISM533

21.1 Magnets534

21.2 Ferromagnets and Electromagnets:Underlying Currents535

21.3 Magnetic Fields and Magnetic Field Lines537

21.4 Magnetic Field Strength B: Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field538

21.5 Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field: Examples and Applications540

21.6 The Hall Effect542

21.7 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor544

21.8 Torque on a Current Loop:Motors and Meters545

21.9 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents:Ampere s Law547

21.10 Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Conductors550

21.11 Even More Applications of Magnetism551

Summary553

Conceptual Questions554

Problems556

Integrated Concepts560

Problem-Solving Strategy560

Unreasonable Results562

Construct Your Own Problem562

22 INDUCTION:AC CIRCUITS AND INSTRUMENTS563

22.1 Induced emf and Magnetic Flux564

22.2 Faraday s Law of Induction:Lenz s Law565

22.3 Motional emf567

22.4 Eddy Currents and Magnetic Damping569

22.5 Electric Generators570

22.6 Back emf572

22.7 Transformers573

22.8 Electrical Safely: Systems and Devices575

22.9 Inductance578

22.10 RL Circuits580

22.11 Reactance, Inductive and Capacitive582

22.12 RLC Series AC Circuits584

Summary589

Conceptual Questions591

Problems592

Integrated Concepts596

Construct Your Own Problem597

Unreasonable Results597

23 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES598

23.1 Maxwell s Equations: Electromagnetic Waves Predicted and Observed599

23.2 Production of Electromagnetic Waves600

23.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum602

Things Great and Small:A Submicroscopic View of X-ray Production608

23.4 Energy in Electromagnetic Waves609

Summary611

Conceptual Questions612

Problems613

Integrated Concepts615

Problem-Solving Strategy615

Unreasonable Results616

Construct Your Own Problem616

24 GEOMETRIC OPTICS617

24.1 The Ray Aspect of Light618

24.2 The Law of Reflection619

24.3 The Law of Refraction620

24.4 Total Internal Reflection623

24.5 Dispersion: The Rainbow and Prisms626

24.6 Image Formation by Lenses628

24.7 Image Formation by Mirrors636

24.8 Multiple Lenses and Mirrors640

24.9 The Eye and Vision Correction644

24.10 Color and Color Vision650

Summary652

Conceptual Questions653

Problems655

Unreasonable Results660

Construct Your Own Problem660

Integrated Concepts660

25 WAVE OPTICS661

25.1 The Wave Aspect of Light:Interference662

25.2 Huygens s Principle: Diffraction662

25.3 Young s Double Slit Experiment664

25.4 Multiple Slit Diffraction667

25.5 Single Slit Diffraction669

25.6 Limits of Resolution:The Rayleigh Criterion671

25.7 Thin Film Interference674

25.8 Polarization677

Things Great and Small: Atomic Explanation of Polaroid Filters680

25.9 Microscopy Enhanced by the Wave Characteristics of Light682

Summary684

Conceptual Questions685

Problems686

Integrated Concepts689

Unreasonable Results690

Construct Your Own Problem690

26 SPECIAL RELATIVITY691

26.1 Einstein s Postulates692

26.2 Time Dilation and Simultaneity694

26.3 Length Contraction699

26.4 Relativistic Addition of Velocities701

26.5 Relativistic Momentum703

26.6 Relativistic Energy704

Summary708

Conceptual Questions709

Problems710

Problem-Solving Strategy712

Unreasonable Results712

Integrated Concepts712

Construct Your Own Problem713

27 INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM MECHANICS: THE PARTICLE-WAVE DUALITY714

27.1 Quantization of Energy715

27.2 The Photoelectric Effect717

27.3 Photons719

27.4 Photon Momentum724

27.5 The Particle-Wave Duality727

27.6 The Wave Nature of Matter727

Things Great and Small:A Submicroscopic Diffraction Grating730

27.7 Probability: The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle730

27.8 The Particle-Wave Duality Reviewed734

Summary735

Problems736

Conceptual Questions736

Integrated Concepts738

Problem-Solving Strategy739

Unreasonable Results740

Construct Your Own Problem740

28 ATOMIC PHYSICS741

28.1 Discovery of the Atom742

28.2 Discovery of the Parts of the Atom:Electrons and Nuclei744

28.3 Bohr s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom749

28.4 The Wave Nature of Matter Causes Quantization754

28.5 Patterns in Spectra Reveal More Quanlization755

28.6 Quantum Numbers and Rules757

28.7 The Pauli Exclusion Principle760

28.8 X Rays: Atomic Origins and Applications764

28.9 Applications of Atomic Excitations and Deexcitations767

Summary772

Conceptual Questions774

Problems775

Integrated Concepts777

Unreasonable Results778

Construct Your Own Problem778

29 RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS779

29.1 Nuclear Radioactivily780

29.2 Radiation Detection and Detectors783

29.3 Substructure of the Nucleus786

29.4 Nuclear Decay and Conservation Laws789

29.5 Half-Life and Activity794

29.6 Binding Energy799

Things Great and Small: Nuclear Decay Helps Explain Earth s Hot Interior800

29.7 Tunneling803

Summary804

Conceptual Questions805

Problems806

Integrated Concepts809

Problem-Solving Strategy809

Unreasonable Results810

Construct Your Own Problem810

30 APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS811

30.1 Medical Imaging and Diagnostics812

30.2 Fusion814

30.3 Fission818

30.4 Nuclear Weapons822

30.5 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation825

30.6 Therapeutic Uses of Ionizing Radiation830

30.7 Food Irradiation832

Summary833

Conceptual Questions834

Problems836

Integrated Concepts839

Unreasonable Results839

Construct Your Own Problem839

31 PARTICLE PHYSICS840

31.1 The Yukawa Particle and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Revisited841

31.2 The Four Basic Forces843

31.3 Accelerators Create Matter from Energy845

31.4 Particles, Patterns,and Conservation Laws848

31.5 Quarks-Is That All There Is?852

31.6 GUTs, the Unification of Forces858

Summary861

Conceptual Questions862

Problems863

Integrated Concepts865

Construct Your Own Problem865

32 FRONTIERS OF PHYSICS866

32.1 Cosmology and Particle Physics867

32.2 General Relativity and Quantum Gravity874

32.3 Superstrings879

32.4 Dark Matter and Closure879

32.5 Complexity and Chaos883

32.6 High-Temperature Superconductors885

32.7 Some Questions We Know to Ask887

Summary889

Conceptual Questions889

Problems890

Construct Your Own Problem892

Epilogue893