化学原理 了解原子和分子的世界 英文版PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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1 Chemistry is a Science looking at the World of Atoms and molecules1

1.1 Chemistry Is a Central Science Useful to Our Lives2

1.2 Science Is a Way of Understanding the Universe A Study of Sea Butterflies ?ustrates the Process of Science5

Reproducibility and an Attitude of Inquiry Are Essential Components of Science7

A Theory Is a Single Idea That Has Great Explanatory Power9

Science Has Limitations9

Science Helps Us Learn the Rules of Nature10

1.3 Scientists Measure Physical Quantities10

Calculation Corner: Unit Conversion12

1.4 Mass Is How Much and Volume Is How Spacious13

Hands-On Chemistry: Penny Fingers14

Hands-On Chemistry: Decisive Dimensions17

1.5 Energy Is the Mover of Matter17

1.6 Temperature Is a Measure of How Hot—Heat It Is Not19

1.7 The Phase of a Material Depends on the Motion of Its Particles22

Familiar Terms Are Used to Describe Changing Phases24

Hands-On Chemistry: Hot-Water Balloon25

1.8 Density Is the Ratio of Mass to Volume26

Calculation Corner: Manipulating an Algebraic Equation27

End of Chapter Review and Exercises29

2 Elements of Chemistry Understanding Chemistry Through Its Language36

2.1 Matter Has Physical and Chemical Properties37

Hands-On Chemistry: Fire Water41

Determining Whether a Change Is Physical or Chemical Can Be Difflcult42

2.2 Atoms Are the Fundamental Components of Elements45

2.3 Elements Can Combine to Form Compounds46

Hands-On Chemistry: Oxygen Bubble Bursts48

Compounds Are Named According to the Elements They Contain48

2.4 Most Materials Are Mixtures49

Mixtures Can Be Separated by Physical Means52

Hands-On Chemistry: Bottoms Up and Bubbles Out53

2.5 Chemists Classify Matter as Pure or Impure53

2.6 Elements Are Organized in the Periodic Table by Their Properties56

3 Discovering the Atom and Subatomic Particles Where We ve Been and What We Know Now67

3.1 Chemistry Developed Out of Our Interest in Materials68

3.2 Lavoisier Laid the Foundation of Modern Chemistry69

Mass Is Conserved in a Chemical Reaction70

Hands-On Chemistry: Air Out72

Hands-On Chemistry: Collecting Bubbles73

Proust Proposed the Law of Definite Proportions74

Calculation Corner: Finding Out How Much of a ChemicaI Reacts75

3.3 Dalton Deduced That Matter Is Made of Atoms75

Dalton Defended His Atomic Hypothesis Against Experimental Evidence76

Mendeleev Used Known Relative Atomic Masses to Create the Periodic Table79

3.4 The Electron Was the First Subatomic Particle Discovered81

Hands-On Chemistry: Bending Electrons84

3.5 The Mass of an Atom Is Concentrated in Its Nucleus85

3.6 The Atomic Nucleus Is Made of Protons and Neutrons87

Calculation Corner: Calculating Atomic Mass91

4 The Atomic Nucleus Know Nukes97

4.1 The Cathode Ray Led to the Discovery of Radioactivity98

The Three Major Products of Radioactivity Are Alpha Beta and Gamma Rays100

4.2 Radioactivity Is a Natural Phenomenon102

Rads and Rems Are Units of Radiation102

Hands-On Chemistry: Personal Radiation105

4.3 Radioactive Isotopes Are Useful as Tracers and for Medical Imaging106

4.4 Radioactivity Results from an Imbalance of Forces in the Nucleus107

4.5 A Radioactive Element Can Transmute to a Different Element110

4.6 The Shorter the Half-Life the Greater the Radioactivity112

Hands-On Chemistry: Radioactive Paper Clips113

4.7 Isotopic Dating Measures the Age of a Material114

4.8 Nuclear Fission Is the Splitting of the Atomic Nucleus117

Nuclear Fission Reactors Convert Nuclear Energy to Electrical Energy119

4.9 Nuclear Energy Comes from Nuclear Mass and Vice Versa121

4.10 Nuclear Fusion Is the Combining of Atomic Nuclei123

The Holy Grail of Nuclear Research Today Is Controlled Fusion124

5 Atomic Models Virtual Handles on the Very Real132

5.1 Models Help Us Visualize the Invisible World of Atoms133

5.2 Light Is a Form of Energy136

5.3 Atoms Can Be Identified by the Light They Emit139

Hands-On Chemistry: Spectral Patterns139

5.4 Niels Bohr Used the Quantum Hypothesis to Explain Atomic Spectra141

5.5 Electrons Exhibit Wave Properties145

Hands-On Chemistry: Rubber Waves147

Probability Clouds and Atomic Orbitals Help Us Visualize Electron Waves147

Hands-On Chemistry: Ouantized Whistle151

5.6 Energy-Level Diagrams Describe How Orbitals Are Occupied151

5.7 Orbitals of Similar Energies Can Be Grouped into Shells155

5.8 The Periodic Table Helps Us Predict Properties of Elements158

The Smallest Atoms Are at the Upper Right of the Periodic Table160

The Smallest Atoms Have the Most Strongly Held Electrons162

6 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Shapes How Atoms Connect to One Another171

6.1 An Atomic Model Is Needed to Understand How Atoms Bond172

6.2 Atoms Can Lose or Gain Electrons to Become Ions174

6.3 Ionic Bonds Result from a Transfer of Electrons176

Hands-On Chemistry: Up Close with Crystals179

6.4 Covalent Bonds Result from a Sharing of Electrons180

6.5 Valence Electrons Determine Molecular Shape183

Molecular Shape Is Defined by Where the Substituent Atoms Are186

Hands-On Chemistry: Gumdrop Molecules188

6.6 Polar Covalent Bonds Result from an Uneven Sharing of Electrons189

6.7 Molecular Polarity Results from an Uneven Distribution of Electrons191

7 Molecular Mixing How Molecules Attract One Another201

7.1 Submicroscopic Particles Electrically Attract One Another202

Ions and Polar Molecules Attract One Another202

Polar Molecules Attract Other Polar Molecules203

Polar Molecules Can Induce Dipoles in Nonpolar Molecules204

Atoms and Nonpolar Molecules Can Form Temporary Dipoles on Their Own205

Hands-On Chemistry: Circular Rainbows208

7.2 A Solution Is a Single-Phase Homogeneous Mixture208

Calculation Corner: Calculating for Solutions212

Hands-On Chemistry: Overflowing Sweetness214

7.3 Solubility Is a Measure of How Well a Solute Dissolves214

Solubility Changes with Temperature216

Gases Are More Soluble at Low Temperatures and High Pressures217

Hands-On Chemistry: Crystal Crazy219

Nonpolar Gases Readily Dissolve in Perfluorocarbons220

7.4 Soap Works by Being Both Polar and Nonpolar221

Detergents Are Synthetic Soaps223

Hard Water Makes Soap Less Effective224

8 Those Incredible Water Molecules Macroscopic Consequences of Molecular Stickiness231

8.1 Water Molecules Form an Open Crystalline Structure in Ice232

Hands-On Chemistry: A Slice of Ice234

8.2 Freezing and Melting Go On at the Same Time235

Water Is Densest at 4℃237

8.3 The Behavior of Liquid Water Is the Result of the Stickiness of Water Molecules240

The Surface of Liquid Water Behaves Like an Elastic Film240

Capillary Action Results from the Interplay of Adhesive and Cohesive Forces243

8.4 Water Molecules Move Freely Between the Liquid and Gaseous Phases244

Boiling Is Evaporation Beneath a Liquid Surface249

8.5 It Takes a Lot of Energy to Change the Temperature of Liquid Water251

Global Climates Are Influenced by Water s High Specific Heat Capacity253

Calculation Corner: How Heat Changes Temperature254

Hands-On Chemistry: Racing Temperatures255

8.6 A Phase Change Requires the Input or Output of Energy256

9 An Overview of Chemical Reactions How Reactants React to Form Products265

9.1 Chemical Reactions Are Represented by Chemical Equations266

You Can Balance Unbalanced Equations267

9.2 Chemists Use Relative Masses to Count Atoms and Molecules270

The Periodic Table Helps Us Convert Between Grams and Moles272

Calculation Corner: Figuring Masses of Reactants and Products275

9.3 Reaction Rate Is Influenced by Concentration and Temperature276

9.4 Catalysts Increase the Rate of Chemical Reactions281

9.5 Chemical Reactions Can Be Either Exothermic or Endothermic284

An Exothermic Reaction Involves a Net Release of Energy286

Hands-On Chemistry: Warming and Cooling Water Mixtures289

10 Acids and Bases Exchanging Protons296

10.1 Acids Donate Protons*Bases Accept Them279

A Salt Is the Ionic Product of an Acid-Base Reaction301

10.2 Some Acids and Bases Are Stronger Than Others303

10.3 Solutions Can Be Acidic Basic or Neutral307

Calculation Corner: Logarithms and pH310

The pH Scale Is Used To Describe Acidity311

Hands-On Chemistry: Rainbow Cabbage312

10.4 Rainwater Is Acidic and Ocean Water Is Basic312

10.5 Buffer Solutions Resist Changes in pH317

11 Oxidation and Reduction Transferring Electrons324

11.1 Oxidation Is the Loss of Electrons and Reduction Is the Gain of Electrons325

11.2 Photography Works by Selective Oxidation and Reduction326

Hands-On Chemistry: Silver Lining328

11.3 The Energy of Flowing Electrons Can Be Harnessed329

The Electricity of a Battery Comes from Oxidation-Reduction Reactions331

Fuel Cells Are Highly Efficient Sources of Electrical Energy335

Electrical Energy Can Produce Chemical Change338

Hands-On Chemistry: Splitting Water339

11.4 Oxygen Is Responsible for Corrosion and Combustion340

12 Organic Compounds A Survey of Carbon-Based Molecules347

12.1 Hydrocarbons Contain Only Carbon and Hydrogen348

12.2 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Contain Multiple Bonds353

Hands-On Chemistry: Twisting Jellybeans355

12.3 Organic Molecules Are Classified by Functional Group356

Alcohols Contain the Hydroxyl Group358

Phenols Contain an Acidic Hydroxyl Group359

The Oxygen of an Ether Group Is Bonded to Two Carbon Atoms361

Amines Form Alkaline Solutions362

Ketones Aldehydes Amides Carboxylic Acids and Esters All Contain a Carbonyl Group364

12.4 Organic Molecules Can LinkTo Form Polymers368

Addition Polymers Result from the Joining Together of Monomers369

Condensation Polymers Form with the Loss of Small Molecules374

Hands-On Chemistry: Racing Water Drops378

13 Chemicals of Life The Nutrients That Make Up Our Bodies384

13.1 Biomolecules Are Produced and Utilized Within Cells385

13.2 Carbohydrates Give Structure and Energy386

Polysaccharides are the Complex Carbohydrates388

Hands-On Chemistry: Spit in Blue391

13.3 Lipids are Insoluble in Water394

Fats Are Used for Energy and Insulation394

Steroids Contain Four Carbon Rings397

13.4 Proteins Are Polymers of Amino Acids398

Protein Structure is Determined by the Attractions Between Neighboring Amino Acids400

Enzymes are Biological Catalysts405

13.5 Nucleic Acids Code for Proteins406

DNA Is the Template of Life408

One Gene Codes for One Polypeptide410

RNA Is Largely Responsible for Protein Synthesis411

Genetic Engineering415

13.6 Vitamins Are Organic Minerals Are Inorganic418

13.7 Metabolism Is the Cycling of Biomolecules Through the Body421

13.8 The Food Pyramid Summarizes a Healthful Diet423

carbohydrates Predominate in Most Foods424

Unsaturated Fats are Generally More Healthful than Saturated Fats426

Hands-On Chemistry: Sizzle Sources428

Our Intake of Essential Amino Acids Should Be Carefully Monitored429

14 Chemistry of Drugs Understanding Drug Action436

14.1 Drugs are Classified by Safety Social Acceptibility Origin and Biological Activity437

14.2 The Lock-and-Key Model Guides Chemists in Synthesizing New Drugs439

14.3 Chemotherapy Cures the Host by Killing the Disease443

Sulfa Drugs and Antibiotics Treat Bacterial Infections443

Chemotherapy Can Inhibit the Ability of Viruses to Replicate445

Cancer Chemotherapy Attacks Rapidly Growing Cells448

14.4 Drugs for Birth Control Block or Mimic Sex Hormones451

14.5 The Nervous System Is a Network of Neurons452

Hands-On Chemistry: Diffusing Neurons455

Neurotransmitters Include Norepinephrine Acetylcholine Dopamine Serotonin and GABA456

14.6 Psychoactive Drugs Alter the Mind or Behavior458

Stimulants Activate the Stress Neurons458

Hallucinogens and Cannabinoids Alter Perceptions464

Depressants Inhibit the Ability of Neurons to Conduct Impulses468

Antipsychotics and Antidepressants Boost Synaptic-Cleft Concentrations of Neurotransmitters472

14.7 Pain Relievers Inhibit the Transmission or Perception of Pain473

14.8 Drugs for the Heart Open Blood Vessels or Alter Heart Rate478

15 Optimizing Food Production From the Good Earth486

15.1 Humans Eat at AlITropic Levels487

15.2 Plants Require Nutrients489

Plants Utilize Nitrogen Phosphorus and Potassium490

Plants Also Utilize Calcium Magnesium and Sulfur492

15.3 Soil Fertility is Determined by Soil Structure and Nutrient Retention493

Soil Readily Retains Positively Charged Ions495

Hands-On Chemistry: Your Soil s pH—A Qualitative Measure496

15.4 Natural and Synthetic Fertilizers Help Restore Soil Fertility498

15.5 Pesticides Kill Insects Weeds and Fungi500

Insecticides Kill Insects500

Herbicides Kill Weeds503

Hands-On Chemistry: Cleaning Your Insects504

Fungicides Kill Fungi506

15.6 There Is Much to Learn from Past Agricultural Practices507

15.7 High Agricultural Yields Can Be Sustained with Proper Practices510

Organic Farming Is Environmentally Friendly510

Integrated Crop Management Is a Strategy for Sustainable Agriculture512

15.8 A Crop Can Be Improved by Inserting a Gene from Another Species514

15.9 World Hunger Is Not Inevitable515

16 Fresh Water Resources Our Roles and Responsibilities521

16.1 Water Circulates Through the Hydrologic Cycle522

16.2 Collectively We Consume Huge Amounts of Water524

Hands-On Chemistry: Water Wiser526

16.3 Water Treatment Facilities Make Water Safe for Drinking526

16.4 Fresh Water Can Be Made from Salt Water530

Hands-On Chemistry: Micro Water Purifier534

16.5 Human Activities Can Pollute Water534

16.6 Microorganisms in Water Alter Levels of Dissolved Oxygen537

16.7 Wastewater Is Processed by Treatment Facilities539

Advanced Integrated Pond Systems Treat Wastewater542

16.8 There Are Many Ways to Conserve Water543

Twenty Ways to Save Water544

17 Air Resources One Plant One Atmosphere549

17.1 The Earth s Atmosphere Is a Mixture of Gases550

Calculation Corner: Dense as Air552

Hands-On Chemistry:Atmospheric Can Crusher553

17.2 Human Activities Have Increased Air Pollution554

Aerosols and Particulates Facilitate Chemical Reactions Involving Pollutants555

There Are Two Kinds of Smog556

Catalytic Converters Reduce Automobile Emissions559

17.3 Stratospheric Ozone Protects the Earth from Ultraviolet Radiation560

17.4 Air Pollution May Result in Global Warming565

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Is a Greenhouse Gas566

The Potential Effects of Global Warming Are Uncertain569

The Threat of Global Warming Requires Adaptive and Preventative Measures571

18 Material Resources A Look at the Materials of Our Society576

18.1 Paper Is Made of Cellulose Fibers577

Hands-On Chemistry: Papermaking579

18.2 The Development of Plastics Involved Experimentation and Discovery580

Collodion and Celluloid Begin with Nitrocellulose582

Bakelite Was the First Widely Used Plastic582

The First Plastic Wrap Was Cellophane583

Polymers Win in World WarⅡ584

Attitudes About Plastics Have Changed587

18.3 Metals Come from the Earth s Limited Supply of Ores588

Metal-Containing Compounds Can Be Converted to Metals590

Some Metals Are Commonly Obtained from Metal Oxides592

Other Metals Are Most Commonly Obtained from Metal Sulfides594

Metal Resources Are Not Unlimited595

18.4 Glass Is Made Primarily of Silicates597

18.5 Ceramics Are Hardened with Heat598

Ceramic Superconductors Have No Electrical Resistance600

18.6 Composites Combine Fibers and a Thermoset Medium600

Hands-On Chemistry: A Composite of White Glue and Thread602

19 Energy Resources Managing for the Present and future606

19.1 Electricity Is a Convenient Form of Energy607

What’s a Watt?608

Calculation Corner: Kilowatt-Hours609

19.2 Fossil Fuels Are a Widely-Used But Limited Energy Source610

Coal Is the Filthiest Fossil Fuel612

Petroleum Is the King of Fossil Fuels614

Natural Gas Is the Purest Fossil Fuel615

19.3 There Are Two Forms of Nuclear Energy617

Nuclear Fission Generates Some of Our Electricity617

Nuclear Fusion Is a Potential Source of Clean Energy622

19.4 What Are Sustainable Energy Resources?623

19.5 Water Can Be Used to Generate Electricity624

Hydroelectric Power Comes from the Kinetic Energy of Flowing Water624

Temperature Differences in the Ocean Can Generate Electricity625

Geothermal Energy Comes from the Earth s Interior626

The Energy of Ocean Tides Can Be Harnessed628

19.6 Biomass Is Chemical Energy628

Fuels Can Be Obtained from Biomass629

Biomass Can Be Burned to Generate Electricity630

Hands-On Chemistry:Solar Pool Cover631

19.7 Energy Can Be Harnessed from Sunlight632

Solar Heat Is Easily Collected632

Solar Thermal Electric Generation Produces Electricity633

Wind Power Is Cheap634

Photovoltaics Convert Sunlight Directly to Electricity636

19.8 Our Future Economy May Be Based on Hydrogen639

Fuel Cells Produce Electricity from Fuel640

Phorovoltaic Cells Can Be Used to Produce Hydrogen from Water640

19.9 Changes Are Upon Us641