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PART ONE OVERVIEW4

Chapter 1 Introduction4

1.1 What Operating Systems Do4

1.2 Computer-System Organization7

1.3 Computer-System Architecture12

1.4 Operating-System Structure19

1.5 Operating-System Operations21

1.6 Process Management24

1.7 Memory Management25

1.8 Storage Management26

1.9 Protection and Security30

1.10 Kernel Data Structures31

1.11 Computing Environments35

1.12 Open-Source Operating Systems43

1.13 Summary47

Exercises49

Bibliographical Notes51

Chapter 2 System Structures53

2.1 Operating-System Services53

2.2 User and Operating-System Interface56

2.3 System Calls60

2.4 Types of System Calls64

2.5 System Programs72

2.6 Operating-System Design and Implementation73

2.7 Operating-System Structure76

2.8 Operating-System Debugging84

2.9 Operating-System Generation89

2.10 System Boot90

2.11 Summary91

Exercises92

Bibliographical Notes98

PART TWO PROCESS MANAGEMENT103

Chapter 3 Process Concept103

3.1 Process Concept103

3.2 Process Scheduling108

3.3 Operations on Processes113

3.4 Interprocess Communication120

3.5 Examples of IPC Systems128

3.6 Communication in Client-Server Systems134

3.7 Summary145

Exercises147

Bibliographical Notes158

Chapter 4 Multithreaded Programming161

4.1 Overview161

4.2 Multicore Programming164

4.3 Multithreading Models167

4.4 Thread Libraries169

4.5 Implicit Threading175

4.6 Threading Issues181

4.7 Operating-System Examples186

4.8 Summary189

Exercises189

Bibliographical Notes197

Chapter 5 Process Scheduling201

5.1 Basic Concepts201

5.2 Scheduling Criteria205

5.3 Scheduling Algorithms206

5.4 Thread Scheduling217

5.5 Multiple-Processor Scheduling218

5.6 Real-Time CPU Scheduling223

5.7 Operating-System Examples230

5.8 Algorithm Evaluation240

5.9 Summary244

Exercises245

Bibliographical Notes250

Chapter 6 Synchronization253

6.1 Background253

6.2 The Critical-Section Problem256

6.3 Peterson’s Solution257

6.4 Synchronization Hardware259

6.5 Mutex Locks262

6.6 Semaphores263

6.7 Classic Problems of Synchronization269

6.8 Monitors273

6.9 Synchronization Examples282

6.10 Alternative Approaches288

6.11 Summary292

Exercises292

Bibliographical Notes307

Chapter 7 Deadlocks311

7.1 System Model311

7.2 Deadlock Characterization313

7.3 Methods for Handling Deadlocks318

7.4 Deadlock Prevention319

7.5 Deadlock Avoidance323

7.6 Deadlock Detection329

7.7 Recovery from Deadlock333

7.8 Summary335

Exercises335

Bibliographical Notes340

PART THREE MEMORY MANAGEMENT345

Chapter 8 Memory-Management Strategies345

8.1 Background345

8.2 Swapping352

8.3 Contiguous Memory Allocation354

8.4 Segmentation358

8.5 Paging360

8.6 Structure of the Page Table372

8.7 Example：Intel 32 and 64-bit Architectures377

8.8 Example：ARM Architecture382

8.9 Summary383

Exercises384

Bibliographical Notes387

Chapter 9 Virtual-Memory Management389

9.1 Background389

9.2 Demand Paging393

9.3 Copy-on-Write400

9.4 Page Replacement401

9.5 Allocation of Frames413

9.6 Thrashing417

9.7 Memory-Mapped Files422

9.8 Allocating Kernel Memory428

9.9 Other Considerations431

9.10 Operating-System Examples437

9.11 Summary440

Exercises441

Bibliographical Notes450

PART FOUR STORAGE MANAGEMENT455

Chapter 10 File System455

10.1 File Concept455

10.2 Access Methods465

10.3 Directory and Disk Structure467

10.4 File-System Mounting478

10.5 File Sharing480

10.6 Protection485

10.7 Summary490

Exercises491

Bibliographical Notes492

Chapter 11 Implementing File-Systems495

11.1 File-System Structure495

11.2 File-System Implementation498

11.3 Directory Implementation504

11.4 Allocation Methods505

11.5 Free-Space Management513

11.6 Efficiency and Performance516

11.7 Recovery520

11.8 NFS523

11.9 Example：The WAFL File System529

11.10 Summary532

Exercises533

Bibliographical Notes536

Chapter 12 Mass-Storage Structure539

12.1 Overview of Mass-Storage Structure539

12.2 Disk Structure542

12.3 Disk Attachment543

12.4 Disk Scheduling544

12.5 Disk Management550

12.6 Swap-Space Management554

12.7 RAID Structure556

12.8 Stable-Storage Implementation566

12.9 Summary568

Exercises569

Bibliographical Notes572

Chapter 13 I/O Systems575

13.1 Overview575

13.2 I/O Hardware576

13.3 Application I/O Interface585

13.4 Kernel I/O Subsystem592

13.5 Transforming I/O Requests to Hardware Operations599

13.6 STREAMS601

13.7 Performance603

13.8 Summary606

Exercises607

Bibliographical Notes608

PART FIVE PROTECTION AND SECURITY611

Chapter 14 System Protection611

14.1 Goals of Protection611

14.2 Principles of Protection612

14.3 Domain of Protection613

14.4 Access Matrix618

14.5 Implementation of the Access Matrix622

14.6 Access Control625

14.7 Revocation of Access Rights626

14.8 Capability-Based Systems627

14.9 Language-Based Protection630

14.10 Summary635

Exercises636

Bibliographical Notes637

Chapter 15 System Security641

15.1 The Security Problem641

15.2 Program Threats645

15.3 System and Network Threats653

15.4 Cryptography as a Security Tool658

15.5 User Authentication669

15.6 Implementing Security Defenses673

15.7 Firewalling to Protect Systems and Networks680

15.8 Computer-Security Classifications682

15.9 An Example：Windows 7683

15.10 Summary685

Exercises686

Bibliographical Notes688

PART SIX CASE STUDIES695

Chapter 16 The Linux System695

16.1 Linux History695

16.2 Design Principles700

16.3 Kernel Modules703

16.4 Process Management706

16.5 Scheduling709

16.6 Memory Management714

16.7 File Systems723

16.8 Input and Output729

16.9 Interprocess Communication732

16.10 Network Structure733

16.11 Security735

16.12 Summary738

Exercises738

Bibliographical Notes740

Chapter 17 Windows 7741

17.1 History741

17.2 Design Principles743

17.3 System Components750

17.4 Terminal Services and Fast User Switching774

17.5 File System775

17.6 Networking781

17.7 Programmer Interface786

17.8 Summary795

Exercises795

Bibliographical Notes796

Chapter 18 Influential Operating Systems799

18.1 Feature Migration799

18.2 Early Systems800

18.3 Atlas807

18.4 XDS-940808

18.5 THE809

18.6 RC 4000809

18.7 CTSS810

18.8 MULTICS811

18.9 IBM OS/360811

18.10 TOPS-20813

18.11 CP/M and MS/DOS813

18.12 Macintosh Operating System and Windows814

18.13 Mach814

18.14 Other Systems816

Exercises816

Bibliographical Notes816