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CHAPTER1 Exploring Life and Science1

1.1 The Characteristics of Life2

1.2 Humans Are Related to Other Animals6

1.3 Science as a Process8

1.4 Making Sense of a Scientific Study12

1.5 Science and Social Responsibility14

PARTⅠ Human Organization19

CHAPTER2 Chemistry of Life19

2.1 From Atoms to Molecules20

2.2 Water and Living Things24

2.3 Molecules of Life27

2.4 Carbohydrates28

2.5 Lipids30

2.6 Proteins32

2.7 Nucleic Acids35

CHAPTER3 Cell Structure and Function41

3.1 What Is a Cell？42

3.2 How Cells Are Organized44

3.3 The Plasma Membrane and How Substances Cross It46

3.4 The Nucleus and the Production of Proteins49

3.5 The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement51

3.6 Mitochondria and Cellular Metabolism52

CHAPTER4 Organization and Regulation of Body Systems61

4.1 Types of Tissues62

4.2 Connective Tissue Connects and Supports62

4.3 Muscular Tissue Moves the Body65

4.4 Nervous Tissue Communicates66

4.5 Epithelial Tissue Protects68

4.6 Cell Junctions70

4.7 Integumentary System71

4.8 Organ Systems74

4.9 Homeostasis78

PARTⅡ Maintenance of the Human Body85

CHAPTER5 Cardiovascular System：Heart and Blood Vessels85

5.1 Overview of the Cardiovascular System86

5.2 The Types of Blood Vessels87

5.3 The Heart Is a Double Pump88

5.4 Features of the Cardiovascular System92

5.5 Two Cardiovascular Pathways94

5.6 Exchange at the Capillaries96

5.7 Cardiovascular Disorders97

CHAPTER6 Cardiovascular System：Blood105

6.1 Blood：An Overview106

6.2 Red Blood Cells and Transport of Oxygen108

6.3 White Blood Cells and Defense Against Disease110

6.4 Platelets and Blood Clotting113

6.5 Blood Typing and Transfusions114

6.6 Homeostasis116

CHAPTER7 Lymphatic System and Immunity121

7.1 Microbes，Pathogens，and You122

7.2 The Lymphatic System126

7.3 Nonspecific Defenses128

7.4 Specific Defenses130

7.5 Acquired Immunity136

7.6 Hypersensitivity Reactions138

CHAPTER8 Digestive System and Nutrition143

8.1 Overview of Digestion144

8.2 First Part of the Digestive Tract146

8.3 The Stomach and Small Intestine148

8.4 Three Accessory Organs and Regulation of Secretions152

8.5 The Large Intestine and Defecation154

8.6 Nutrition and Weight Control156

CHAPTER9 Respiratory System169

9.1 The Respiratory System170

9.2 The Upper Respiratory Tract171

9.3 The Lower Respiratory Tract173

9.4 Mechanism of Breathing174

9.5 Control of Ventilation177

9.6 Gas Exchanges in the Body178

9.7 Respiration and Health180

CHAPTER10 Urinary System and Excretion187

10.1 Urinary System188

10.2 Kidney Structure191

10.3 Urine Formation195

10.4 Regulatory Functions of the Kidneys197

10.5 Problems with Kidney Function200

10.6 Homeostasis201

PARTⅢ Movement and Support in Humans207

CHAPTER11 Skeletal System207

11.1 Overview of the Skeletal System208

11.2 Bone Growth，Remodeling，and Repair210

11.3 Bones of the Axial Skeleton216

11.4 Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton220

11.5 Articulations222

CHAPTER12 Muscular System227

12.1 Overview of Muscular System228

12.2 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Contraction232

12.3 Whole Muscle Contraction236

12.4 Muscular Disorders240

12.5 Homeostasis242

PARTⅣ Integration and Coordination in Humans247

CHAPTER13 Nervous System247

13.1 Overview of the Nervous System248

13.2 The Central Nervous System254

13.3 The Limbic System and Higher Mental Functions260

13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System262

13.5 Drug Abuse267

CHAPTER14 Senses273

14.1 Sensory Receptors and Sensations274

14.2 Proprioceptors and Cutaneous Receptors276

14.3 Senses of Taste and Smell278

14.4 Sense of Vision280

14.5 Sense of Hearing286

14.6 Sense of Equilibrium291

CHAPTER15 Endocrine System295

15.1 Endocrine Glands296

15.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland300

15.3 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands303

15.4 Adrenal Glands305

15.5 Pancreas308

15.6 Other Endocrine Glands311

15.7 Homeostasis314

PARTⅤ Reproduction in Humans319

CHAPTER16 Reproductive System319

16.1 Human Life Cycle320

16.2 Male Reproductive System321

16.3 Female Reproductive System324

16.4 Female Hormone Levels326

16.5 Control of Reproduction331

16.6 Sexually Transmitted Diseases336

AIDS Supplement343

S.1 Origin and Prevalence of HIV344

S.2 Phases of an HIV Infection346

S.3 HIV Structure and Life Cycle348

CHAPTER17 Development and Aging353

17.1 Fertilization354

17.2 Pre-Embryonic and Embryonic Development355

17.3 Fetal Development360

17.4 Pregnancy and Birth368

17.5 Development After Birth370

PARTⅥ Human Genetics377

CHAPTER18 Patterns of Chromosome Inheritance377

18.1 Chromosomes and the Cell Cycle378

18.2 Mitosis381

18.3 Meiosis385

18.4 Comparison of Meiosis and Mitosis389

18.5 Chromosome Inheritance393

CHAPTER19 Cancer403

19.1 Cancer Cells404

19.2 Causes and Prevention of Cancer408

19.3 Diagnosis of Cancer411

19.4 Treatment of Cancer414

CHAPTER20 Patterns of Genetic Inheritance421

20.1 Genotype and Phenotype422

20.2 One-and Two-Trait Inheritance423

20.3 Beyond Simple Inheritance Patterns433

20.4 Sex-Linked Inheritance436

CHAPTER21 DNA Biology and Technology443

21.1 DNA and RNA Structure and Function444

21.2 Gene Expression447

21.3 Genomics454

21.4 DNA Technology458

PARTⅦ Human Evolution and Ecology467

CHAPTER22 Human Evolution467

22.1 Origin of Life468

22.2 Biological Evolution470

22.3 Classification of Humans475

22.4 Evolution of Hominids479

22.5 Evolution of Humans481

CHAPTER23 Global Ecology and Human Interferences491

23.1 The Nature of Ecosystems493

23.2 Energy Flow497

23.3 Global Biogeochemical Cycles498

CHAPTER24 Human Population，Planetary Resources，and Conservation511

24.1 Human Population Growth512

24.2 Human Use of Resources and Pollution514

24.3 Biodiversity524

24.4 WorkingToward a Sustainable Society530

APPENDIX：Answer Key537

GLOSSARY547

CREDITS567

INDEX569