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Chapter One　A Contrastive Study of Responses to Requests in English and Chinese1

1.1 Introduction2

1.2 Subjects7

1.3 The Questionnaire8

1.4 Instrument—The Discourse Completion Test9

1.5 Quantitative Findings Concerning Request Responses among Americans and the Chinese People10

1.6 Contextual Variables in the Responses to Requests13

1.7 Tentative Analysis of the Common Features of Request Responses23

1.8 Limitations and Further Research27

1.9 Conclusions27

Chapter Two Middle Construction in English and Chinese:A Cognitive Semantic Study32

2.1 Introduction33

2.1.1 Orientation and Motivation of the Study33

2.1.2 The Concept of Middle Construction34

2.1.3 Aims and Hypotheses of the Study34

2.1.4 Layout and Scope of the Study35

2.2 Literature Review36

2.2.1 Middle Construction36

2.2.2 Construction Grammar46

2.3 Middle Construction in English53

2.3.1 Classification of Middle Construction in English53

2.3.2 Characteristics of Middle Construction in English56

2.4 Middle Construction in Chinese74

2.4.1 Middle Construction in Chinese74

2.4.2 The Classification of Chinese Middle Construction77

2.4.3 The Characteristics of Chinese Middle Construction78

2.4.4 The Selectional Restriction of Middle Verbs in Chinese82

2.4.5 Particularity of Chinese Middle Construction83

2.5 Conclusions86

2.5.1 Findings of the Study86

2.5.2 Limitations of the Study87

2.5.3 Suggestions for Further Research88

Chapter Three A Comparison of Nominal Possessives in English and Chinese from a Cognitive Perspective89

3.1 Introduction90

3.1.1 Orientation of the Title90

3.1.2 The Significance of the Present Study90

3.1.3 Methods92

3.1.4 The Aims of the Present Study92

3.1.5 Layout and Scope of the Study93

3.2 Literature Review93

3.2.1 Traditional Grammar94

3.2.2 Transformational and Generative Grammar96

3.2.3 Cognitive Linguistics103

3.3 Concepts of Possession107

3.3.1 Definition of Possession107

3.3.2 Classification of Possession108

3.3.3 Possessive Morphemes111

3.4 A Cognitive Approach116

3.4.1 Possessor as Reference Point117

3.4.2 Possessor Specification and Possessee Specification127

3.4.3 Possessive Prototypes133

3.4.4 From Iconicity to Possessive Constructions142

3.5 Conclusions147

Chapter Four Iconicity in Ulysses151

4.1 Introduction152

4.1.1 Motivation of the Present Study152

4.1.2 The Concept and Criteria of Iconicity154

4.1.3 The Nature of the Study and Iconicity155

4.1.4 Methods156

4.1.5 The Aims and Hypotheses of the Present Study156

4.1.6 Layout and Scope of the Study157

4.2 Literature Review158

4.2.1 Introduction158

4.2.2 Iconicity Studies in Language159

4.2.3 Literature Review of the Stream of Consciousness Novel Studies165

4.2.4 Summary169

4.3 The Application of Iconicity in Ulysses169

4.3.1 Introduction169

4.3.2 From the Phonological View170

4.3.3 From the Morphological View173

4.3.4 From the Syntactic View178

4.3.5 From the Textual View198

4.4 Contrastive Analysis200

4.4.1 The Differences and Similarities of Iconicity between Ulysses and Other Streams of Consciousness Novels in Western Culture200

4.4.2 The Differences and Similarities of Iconicity Studies in the Stream of Consciousness Novels between Western and Eastern Culture204

4.5 Conclusions205

4.5.1 Findings205

4.5.2 Limitations of the Study206

4.5.3 Suggestions for Further Studies in This Field207

Chapter Five A Cognitive Approach to Temporal Metaphors in English and Chinese208

5.1 Introduction209

5.1.1 The Basic Concepts209

5.1.2 Orientation of the Title212

5.1.3 Motivations of the Study213

5.1.4 The Aims and Hypotheses of the Present Study215

5.1.5 Basic Approaches to the Present Study216

5.1.6 Layout and Scope of the Study217

5.1.7 Summary218

5.2 Literature Review218

5.2.1 Literature Review of Metaphor Studies in the West and China218

5.2.2 Theoretical Background of Temporal Metaphor222

5.2.3 Literature Review of Temporal Metaphor Studies in English and Chinesec234

5.2.4 Summary236

5.3 A Contrastive Study of Temporal Metaphors in English and Chinese237

5.3.1 Classification of Temporal Metaphors237

5.3.2 Similarities between Temporal Metaphors in English and Chinese239

5.3.3 Motivations for the Similarities Between Temporal Metaphors in English and Chinese254

5.3.4 Differences Between Temporal Metaphors in English and Chinese255

5.3.5 Motivations for the Differences Between Temporal Metaphors in English and Chinese262

5.3.6 Special Temporal Metaphors in Chinese262

5.3.7 Summary263

5.4 The Application of the Present Study to Foreign Language Teaching265

5.4.1 Guides for Foreign Language Teaching266

5.4.2 Contrastive Study for Foreign Language Teaching266

5.5 Conclusions268

5.5.1 Major Findings268

5.5.2 Speculations about the Future Studies of Temporal Metaphors270

References271