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PART Ⅰ THE FOUNDATION OF THE BRITISH COMMONWEALTH1

Ⅰ．THE CHANGING WORLD：THE BRITISH ISLES，1783-18703

(i)The Industrial and Agricultural Revolutions3

Effects of the American secession3

Other factors making for change3

The Industrial Revolution：oceanic trade；factory enterprise5

The cotton manufacture；machinery；iron output；mining6

The transport revolution：roads；canals；railways；docks7

Woollen and other manufactures7

World-economy and dependence on other countries8

The Agricultural Revolution；increased output and enclosures8

Social and economic effects of the wars of 1793-181510

(ii)The People10

Growth of British population10

Diverse views of social effects of the revolutions11

Causes of increase in population：town and country：death rates and birth rates11

Growth of Irish population13

The emigrants of the nineteenth century13

(iii)The Fundamental Ideas14

Two phases of national outlook，pre- and post-187014

The idealists of the earlier period15

The early free traders；Adam Smith＇s Wealth of Nations15

Pitt＇s reforms，attempted and effected16

Free trade after 1815；Huskisson＇s reforms17

The Manchester School；Peel；the Corn Laws17

Repeal of the Navigation Acts18

Laissez-faire and the Middle Class18

The ideal of equality19

The humanitarian movement and social reform20

The campaigns against the slave trade and slavery20

Government of dependencies；trial of Hastings；Mill＇s British India22

Missionary Societies：The Clapham Sect23

Conflicting currents of opinion24

Ⅱ．THE CHANGING WORLD：THE OCEANS25

Expansion of oceanic enterprise25

Early exploration of the Pacific25

Improvement of shipping and navigation26

Pacific exploration in the eighteenth century26

Cook＇s voyages：Russians and Spaniards in the North Pacific27

California：Nootka Sound：Vancouver，Mackenzie，La Perouse28

Oceanic aspect of the wars of 1793-1815；colonies captured29

The settlement of 1914-1530

Raffles in Java and at Singapore31

The Slave Trade after 180732

Activities of the missionary societies33

Great Britain and Latin America；emancipation of the Spanish colonies33

The opening of China and Japan35

The African coasts36

Change in the nature of oceanic trade37

New trades：tea，rice，jute，colza38

Pacific whaling and trading38

Australia and the recruitment of Kanakas39

South American nitrates and guano40

Other new trades：the emigrant traffic40

Development of sailing ships：British and American competition41

Development of steamships42

The overland route and the Suez Canal43

Ⅲ．THE COLONIAL OFFICE AND ITS CRITICS44

Changes in administrative mechanism of the colonies，1782-185444

Important Colonial Secretaries and Under Secretaries44

Effects of American secession on imperial policy44

Opinions of George Chalmers on imperial policy46

Representative government after 178348

Factors adverse to mercantile imperialism48

Administration of colonies after 178348

Emigration policy；Wilmot Horton49

The Radical imperialists of 183050

Buller＇s attack on the Colonial Office and Sir James Stephen50

Wakefield＇s theory of colonization51

Decay of the old colonial system and progress of the new ideas52

Abolition of restrictions and monopolies53

Imperial preference attacked by the Manchester School53

Influence of the humanitarians54

Achievements and decline of the Radical imperialists55

Triumph of the Manchester School55

Free trade and colonial self-government55

Imperial defence56

Pessimism and optimism；views of statesmen；the situation in 187056

Ⅳ．CANADA FROM CONQUEST TO DOMINION58

(i)The French and British Ganadas，1760-181558

The French population；Murray＇s rule；Carleton58

The Quebec Act，177459

American invasion，1775-6；Treaty of Versailles，1782-360

The United Empire Loyalists61

The Maritime Provinces；Upper Canada62

Constitutional problem；constitution of 1791；its defects63

The War of 1812-1564

(ii)The Failure of Representative Government，1815-184066

Causes of unrest66

Lower Canada：nationalist aspirations：executive and assembly at issue66

Upper Canada：the Family Compact：progress towards revolt68

The rebellions of 183770

Lord Durham＇s mission：the Beport：the constitution of 184070

Material growth of Canada72

(iii)The Establishment of Responsible Government72

The implications of Responsible Government72

Period of indecision，1840-673

Lord Elgin＇s policy：difficulties surmounted，1847-5473

(iv)Confederation，1854-6774

Disadvantages of the Union：the Maritime Provinces74

Movement towards confederation75

The federal constitution76

The Dominion of Canada，1867：comparison with the American Union76

(v)The Growth of Canada77

Penetration of the North-West：rivalry and union of the Companies：Manitoba77

The Maine and Oregon boundaries79

British Columbia and Vancouver Island79

Extinction of the Hudson＇s Bay Company＇s sovereignty：Riel＇s revolt80

Later provinces，1873-1912：railways80

Ⅴ．THE FOUNDATION OF THE AUSTRALIAN COLONIES83

(i)Circumstances leading to Colonization83

Early exploration and theories；New Holland83

Eighteenth century projectors：Campbell；De Brosses；Callender；Dalrymple84

Importance of Cook＇s discoveries85

The convict problem：the plan for a new plantation colony86

Phillip＇s expedition，1787-8：his instructions87

(ii)The Foundation of New South Wales and Van Diemen＇s Land，1788-182387

The landing in New South Wales，178887

The penal settlement：early struggles and progress88

Van Diemen＇s Land，180389

Bligh and Macquarie：expansion of New South Wales90

Administrative changes，1823：the population91

(iii)New South Wales and its Offshoots，1824-5992

Characteristics of the period92

Exploration：in eastern Australia：central Australia：western Australia92

Squatters，farmers and townsmen：the land question：early land legislation94

Foundation of Queensland96

Foundation of Victoria97

Progress of Van Diemen＇s Land97

The end of transportation98

Representative government，1842，1850：Victoria a separate colony，185199

Discovery of gold：its effects100

Responsible government，1855：Queensland a separate colony，1859100

(iv)Western and South Australia102

Theories of colonization exemplified102

Plans for a western colony：the Swan River Settlement，1829102

Misfortune and recovery：transportation：Wakefield＇s criticisms103

Plans for South Australia，1831-5104

Foundation and financial crisis，1836-41：rapid progress，1842-55105

Ⅵ．THE COLONIZATION OF NEW ZEALAND107

The West Indian precedent107

Early settlers：the Maoris：the missionaries107

Early attempts at control：the French projects108

The Wakefield plans：hostility of the humanitarians109

The New Zealand Company takes action：annexation，1840110

Complications of the land question：Treaty of Waitangi110

Energy of the Company：discontent of the Maoris111

Hobson，Shortland and Fitzroy111

Sir George Grey：progress of colonization：Otago and Canterbury112

Dissolution of the Company，1851114

Representative and responsible government，1853，1856114

The Maori wars：Grey＇s second governorship115

Ⅶ．DUTCH AND BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA116

(i)Early History to 1836116

The Portuguese period116

English and Dutch：the Dutch colony，1652-1795116

The British conquest，1795-1814118

Problems of the Cape Colony：the native races118

The Albany Settlement，1819-21120

Dr．Philip and the colonists：emancipation of the slaves，1833-4120

D＇Urban and the Colonial Office：annexation and withdrawal121

(ii)The two Colonies and the two Republics，1836-72122

The Great Trek and its causes122

Foundation of Orange Free State and Transvaal125

The Boers in Natal：the Zulus：Natal a British colony，1843125

Annexation of the Orange River Sovereignty，1848127

Independence of the Transvaal and Orange Free State，1852-4127

The Cape：representative government：Sir George Grey and federation128

Responsible government，1872：native problems130

Natal：the Orange Free State：the Transvaal131

Ⅷ．INDIA AND THE FAR EAST133

(i)The Extension of British Control over the Indian Peninsula，1785-1858133

The Company＇s position in 1785：the native powers133

Cornwallis＇s reforms：war with Mysore，1790-2134

Sir John Shore，1793-8136

Crisis of 1798：Wellesley：conquest of Mysore：annexation and subsidiary alliances：war with Marathas，1803-4：resignation of Wellesley136

A conservative policy，1805-14138

Hastings：the Gurkhas：the last Maratha War，1817-18139

Burma，1823-6：Lord William Bentinck；Macaulay139

The North-West Frontier：first Afghan War，1839-42140

Annexation of Sind，1843：Sikh War，1845-6；annexation of Punjab，1848-9141

Burma，1851-2：Dalhousie＇s annexations，1848-56：period of discontent142

The Mutiny，l857-8：end of the Company＇s rule144

(ii)The Indian Ocean and the Far East145

Ceylon under British rule145

Mauritius：the Seychelles146

The Straits Settlements，1824-67147

Borneo：Sarawak：Labuan147

British trade with China：the war of 1839-42：the Treaty Ports150

Second China War，1856-60；decay of the Chinese Empire153

Ⅸ．THE WEST INDIES154

Decline in relative importance of the colonies154

West Indian trade with United States，from 1783154

Effect of British free-trade policy155

The British planters and their competitors：the French Revolutionary War156

The abolition of the slave trade，and of slavery157

Effects of emancipation：indentured labour159

Constitutional development：the old representative governments160

Rebellion in Jamaica，1865161

Abolition of the representative system in most of the islands162

The Barbados constitution162

The present grouping of the colonies163

PART Ⅱ THE GROWTH OF COMMONWEALTH AND EMPIRE165

Ⅰ．WORLD COMPETITION AND THE PENETRATION OF THE CONTINENTS167

The Great Powers after 1870167

Industrialism and the new imperialism168

Improvement of steamships168

Great railway systems：in Europe；the U．S．and Canada；Siberia and Turkestan；India；Africa169

Effects of railway enterprise172

Firearms and sanitation173

European control in North Africa173

Exploration of Central Africa174

The Berlin Conference，1884-5：spheres of influence175

Partition of East Africa176

German and French methods in Africa：Portuguese efforts177

The Congo under King Leopold178

Burma and Indo-China179

The Russians in Siberia and Central Asia180

The opening of Japan and China180

Japan＇s aggression against China181

European emigration and colonial policies182

Ⅱ．THE EMPIRE UNDER DISRAELI，GLADSTONE AND SALISBURY(THE MOTHER COUNTRY，ASIA，AND TROPICAL AFRICA)183

(i)Imperial Ideas，1870-95183

Foundations of a new imperial sentiment183

Views of Disraeli and Gladstone183

The Second Reform Act(1867)and democratic politics184

Liberal and Conservative ministries，1868-95185

Imperialist writers and imperial federation186

(ii)The Levant，Egypt，the Canal，and the Indian Frontiers187

The Eastern Question：British and Russian interests：Crimean War187

Egypt under Ismail：Disraeli＇s purchase of Suez Canal shares188

The Eastern Question revived：the Berlin Congress，1878189

Russia on the Afghan frontier：policy of Lord Lytton：Afghan War， 1878-80189

Later Russian activities：the Indian frontier tribes191

Final conquest of Burma，1885-6192

Egypt，1879-83：the Dual Control and its failure：British policy192

The Sudan：the Mahdi＇s revolt；the death of Gordon194

(iii)Malaya and Borneo195

The Malay principalities：anarchy and British intervention195

The Federated Malay States：Johore and the unfederated protectorates196

North Borneo：the origin of British interests197

The British North Borneo Company，1881198

(iv)West Africa199

British West Africa：Gambia：Sierra Leone199

Gold Coast，Ashanti and Northern Territories200

The Niger202

The Royal Niger Company203

Anglo-French rivalry203

(v)East Africa204

Earlier history of East African coast：the Sultanate of Zanzibar204

East African slave trade204

Kirk at Zanzibar205

British and Germans：Carl Peters206

German East Africa：Treaty of 1886207

British East Africa Company208

Uganda，East Africa and treaty of 1890208

Nyasaland209

Ⅲ．THE EMPIRE UNDER DISRAELI，GLADSTONE，AND SALISBURY(THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE)211

(i)Australia，New Zealand and the Pacific211

Reluctance of Australian colonies to federate211

Australian politics：influence of Chartism；fiscal protection212

Squatters and farmers：Asiatic immigration：land legislation213

Trades unions：Labour Party：education214

Steamships：cables：railways214

New Zealand from 1867：state enterprise：population：cold storage215

The Pacific Islands and their problems216

Tahiti：the missionaries and the French，1797-1888216

New Caledonia：French convict stations216

Fiji：annexation，1874：constitution：the High Commissioner217

New Hebrides：French aims and Australian protests：the solution218

The Sandwich Islands：annexation by U．S．，1898218

German traders in the Pacific219

The New Guinea question：British difficulties：disgust in Australia：annexations in 1884-8219

Samoa：rivalry of three powers：partition221

(ii)South Africa222

A new period from 1871；mining and railways222

The native problem：lack of co-ordinated policy222

Federation advocated by Lord Carnarvon，1874：abortive conference，1876223

The Transvaal under Burgers：the Zulu peril225

The Permissive Bill：Shepstone annexes the Transvaal，1877225

Zulu War，1879：Disraeli＇s embarrassment：Gladstone＇s speeches226

Gladstone＇s policy：the Boer War，1880-1：the Transvaal independent227

The Africander Bond：German expansion：Boer treks228

Rhodes and his ambitions：Paul Kruger228

British South Africa Company，1888-9；Rhodesia229

Changes in the Transvaal：gold mines：the Uitlanders230

Movement towards a crisis，1895231

Ⅳ．THE EMPIRE UNDER CHAMBERLAIN232

(i)The Undeveloped Estate232

Joseph Chamberlain and his imperial doctrine232

Plight of the British West Indies233

The sugar bounties defeated：educative work：loans：prosperity restored234

West and East Africa：medical and agricultural research：railways234

Scope and permanence of the Chamberlain policy235

(ii)Egypt and the Sudan236

Lord Cromer＇s task：the regeneration of Egypt(from 1883)236

The Sudan under Mahdism：Kitchener＇s reconquest，1896-8237

The French on the Nile：the Fashoda crisis238

(iii)The South African War239

Rhodes，Chamberlain and Kruger239

The Jameson Raid，1895-6；preparations for war：the Free State239

The war，1899-1902：the three stages：the peace terms241

Imperial significance of the struggle243

(iv)The Two Dominions243

Canada from 1867：relations with U．S244

Macdonald and the National Policy：union with U．S．rejected244

The Alaska boundary：growth of population：mixed immigration245

Newfoundland：constitution：fishery disputes246

Australia：movement towards federation：adverse factors247

Sir Henry Parkes and federation：the project revived and achieved248

The Commonwealth constitution249

(v)The Colonial Conference and the Chamberlain Programme250

Origin of the Colonial Conference250

Conference of 1887；defence：Conference of 1894；preference250

Conferences of 1897 and 1902：growth of imperial co-operation252

Chamberlain＇s policy of 1903：preference and protection：the general elections of 1906 and 1910253

Ⅴ．FROM THE Entente Cordiale TO THE FIRST WORLD WAR255

(i)The Ententes with France and Russia255

The Venezuela questions：relations with U．S255

German relations：the Bagdad Railway：tariffs：the German fleet256

Friendship with France：the questions for settlement257

Convention and Declarations of 1904：criticisms：later agreements258

Agreements with Russia，1907258

(ii)Great Britain and the Dominions259

Two new dominions：New Zealand and South Africa259

South Africa：economic federation，1903：Chinese labour259

Responsible government in Transvaal and Free State，1907260

Reasons for political union：the Union Act，1909-10；the constitution260

Proposed Imperial Council and Commission，1905262

Imperial Conference of 1907：imperial naval development262

Imperial Conference of 1911：the menace of war：Ward＇s proposed＂parliament of defence＂：autonomous co-operation preferred263

(iii)Africa264

Egyptian progress and nationalist agitation264

Conquest and civilization of Nigeria：the slavery question：economic change265

East Africa and Uganda：the Indian question267

The Congo：Morocco：Tripoli268

Ⅵ．INDIA，1858-1914270

Cessation of internal warfare after the Mutiny270

Indian Councils Act，1861：the post-Mutiny Viceroys：the native states270

Railway development and industrialization271

Measures against famine271

Education：land tenure：sanitary reform273

Royal Titles Act，1876-7274

Effects of peace and western education：the Indian National Congress274

Demand for reform：government policy：Councils Act，1892275

Tilak＇s agitation276

Lord Curzon，1898-1905：the North-West Frontier Province：university reform：partition of Bengal：dispute with Lord Kitchener277

Causes of unrest：education：journalism：general Asiatic sentiment281

Agitation in the Poona region，Bengal and the Punjab282

Lord Morley＇s secretaryship：Councils Act，1909：the King in India，1911283

Ⅶ．THE IMPERIAL ASPECTS OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR285

Imperial reaction to the crisis：the dominions：India：the colonies285

South Africa：firmness of Botha：the rebellion of 1914287

The military effort of the dominions summarized288

Canada：military statistics：the French Canadians：Sir R．Borden288

Australia：statistics：the referendums：Mr．Hughes289

New Zealand：statistics：the National Government291

South Africa：Botha and Smuts291

The Indian war effort292

Conquest of the German colonies and Turkish Asia292

The Versailles Treaties：the mandates294

Imperial Conference of 1917：federation or co-operation：the constitutional resolution：other transactions294

Imperial Conference of 1918296

The Peace Conference，1919：dominion nationhood recognized：the new constitutional position297

Opinions of dominion statesmen298

Ⅷ．THE ADVANCE OF INDIA TOWARDS DOMINION STATUS301

Indian loyalty in 1914301

Growth of revolutionary feeling during the war301

Responsible government the declared British aim：Montagu-Chelmsford Report302

Government of India Act，1919303

Effects of British policy305

Revolutionary movement，1919：Amritsar306

Gandhi＇s policy and leadership307

Moslem discontent：the Khilafat movement308

Gandhi＇s non-co-operation：Moplah revolt：effect of reforms308

Simon Commission and Report310

Responsible government still the British aim：Gandhi＇s civil disobedience311

Moslem and Hindu antagonism：political safeguards312

Round Table Conferences and White Paper，1930-3313

Government of India Act，1935314

Responsible government a partial success315

Federation delayed：the second World War：India to frame its own constitution315

Indianization of the government services316

Ⅸ．THE TRUSTEESHIP317

(i)Egypt，Palestine and Iraq317

Changing standards317

Egypt：protectorate，1914：independence in stages，1922-37317

Palestine：the Balfour Declaration and Arab claims318

Unsolved problem of Jewish and Arab relations319

Iraq：mandated area：sovereign state319

(ii)West Africa320

Lord Lugard and the Dual Mandate320

Gambia and Sierra Leone：modern developments321

Gold Coast：railways：cocoa：mining：education321

Nigeria：development of exports：social progress323

(iii)East Africa324

Kenya：settlers：land allocation：war losses324

Demand for responsible government：White Paper of 1923325

Indirect rule in Kenya326

Tanganyika under German and British rule327

Uganda：government，state services and economic progress328

Remaining East African dependencies329

(iv)Ceylon and Burma330

Ceylon：nineteenth century progress：Donoughmore constitution，1931330

Burma separated from India：constitution of 1937331

(v)Malaya332

New protectorates，1909332

Recent developments and events332

(vi)The British West Indies333

Economic depression and distress333

Education：malnutrition：disease334

Royal Commission and its recommendations，1938-40335

Social and political reform335

Ⅹ．THE BRITISH COMMONWEALTH BETWEEN THE WARS337

Commonwealth populations337

Canada：growth of population and industrialization337

Canada at war in 1939338

Australia：industrial interests and economic depression：separatism in Western Australia339

New Zealand and the great depression340

Newfoundland：bankruptcy and temporary resignation of dominion status340

South African politics：Smuts and Hertzog341

The native question342

Election of 1924：Hertzog in power：segregation policy：republicanism：the flag dispute343

Hertzog-Smuts coalition，1933：declaration of war，1939344

Southern Rhodesia：responsible government and the native question345

Malta＇s political record：Cyprus and enosis346

Irish Free State348

The Commonwealth constitution：autonomy and co-operation348

Imperial Conference of 1921：Washington Conference，with Dominion participation：control of foreign policy established349

Progress of imperial preference，1923-4350

Economic changes：Empire Settlement Act：Empire Marketing Board351

Dominions and the Pact of Locarno，1925352

The Commonwealth constitution：definition of 1926353

Statute of Westminster，1931353

New Irish constitution，1937：the Irish ports，1938354

The Commonwealth and world-depression：Ottawa Conference，1932355

Imperial Conference，1937356

Ⅺ．THE COMMONWEALTH AND EMPIRE IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR357

Nature of the war357

North and East Africa in 1940-1：defeat of the Italians358

The Germans enter North Africa：siege of Tobruk358

The Japanese declare war：early British losses：Singapore359

Commonwealth forces in 1942360

Rommel＇s advance into Egypt，1942361

Battle of Alamein and expulsion of Germans from Africa，1942-3361

The Japanese in the Pacific361

India and Burma：the Fourteenth Army and recovery362

The Commonwealth＇s entry into the war：Smuts and South Africa362

The Canadian army：Canada＇s war effort363

Australian fields of action：Australia＇s war effort364

The New Zealand forces364

The South African forces：mobility of the Army365

The great Indian war effort366

The war＇s stimulus to development366

Ⅻ．THE YEARS AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR367

(i)The Indian Settlement367

Failure of the federal constitution：the Moslems and Pakistan367

Progress towards a solution，1945-7：Jinnah，Gandhi and Nehru367

Indian Independence Act，1947：the two new Dominions368

Partition of Pakistan from India：loss of life in Punjab368

Hyderabad：the Kashmir dispute369

Deaths of Gandhi，Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan369

The Indian Republic：status in the Commonwealth369

Independence of Burma370

(ii)The Colonies and Dependencies370

Ceylon a Dominion370

Malaya：union proposed and dropped：Federation of Malaya：terrorism370

North Borneo，Labuan and Sarawak371

East Africa：ground-nuts scheme：Colonial Development Corporation371

Kenya：the Man Mau movement372

West Africa：Gambia and Sierra Leone：Nigeria：responsible government in the Gold Coast：decline of indirect rule372

Central African Federation373

British West Indies：constitutional advance：federation outlined373

(iii)The Commonwealth374

Change in emphasis374

Malta：responsible government374

Canada in the Commonwealth：incorporation of Newfoundland374

Australia and New Zealand375

South Africa：incorporation of South West Africa375

The South African protectorates：Malan＇s native policy376

Royal visit to South Africa，1947：death of Smuts，1950376

Commonwealth Conferences：secession of Irish Republic376

Commonwealth populations，1951377

AUTHORITIES378

INDEX384