IRE STANDARDS ON ELECTRON TUBES METHODS OF TESTING 1962PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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ELECTRON TUBES AND STANDARD COMMITTEES PERSONNEL3

PREFACE4

PART 1: CONVENTIONAL RECEIVING TUBES8

1.Introduction8

1.1 General Precautions8

1.2 General Test Conditions8

2 Filament or Heater Characteristics8

2.1 Filament or Heater Electrical Characteristics8

2.2 Filament or Heater Heating Characteristics9

2.3 Cathode Heating Time9

2.4 Cathode Cooling Time10

2.5 Operation Time10

3 Emission Tests10

3.1 Measurement of Flection-Point Emission Current10

3.2 Measurement of Inflection-Point Emission Current11

3.3 Comparison of Emission Currents of Tubes it12

3.4 Measurement of Field-Free Current12

3.5 Emission Checks12

4 Characteristics of an Electron Tube13

4.1 Static Characteristics13

4.2 Load （Dynamic） Characteristics13

4.3 Perveance14

4.4 Pulse Methods14

5 Residual Gas and Insulation Tests18

5.1 Total Current to a Negatively Biased Control Grid18

5.2 Measurement of Gas （Ionization） Current19

5.3 Leakage Currents20

6 Inverse Electrode Currents21

6.1 Thermionic Grid Emission21

6.2 Seconda Grid Emission21

6.3 Reverse Emission in Rectier Diodes （Back Emis-sion）22

6.4-Primary Screen-Grid Emission23

6.5 Primary Anode Emission23

7 Vacuum-Tube Admittances23

7.1 Direct Interelectrode Capacitances25

7.2 Vacuum-Tube Coefcients27

7.3 Four-Pole Admittances33

8 Nonlinear Characteristics36

8.1 Detection Characteristics36

8.2 Conduction for Rectication37

9 Audio Power Output37

9.1 Measurement of Harmonics38

9.2 Measurement of Power Output at Audio Frequency38

9.3 Measurement of Push-Pull Power Output at AudioFrequencies38

10 Radio-Frequency Operating Tests for Power-OutputTubes39

10.1 Determination of RF Power Output39

10.2 Grid Driving Power39

11 Electrode Dissipation and Bulb Temperature40

11.1 Methods of Measuring Anode Dissipation40

11.2 Methods of Measuring Grid Dissipation40

11.3 Methods of Measuring Bulb Temperature41

12 Bibliography41

PART 2: CATHODE-RAY TUBES43

1.Introduction43

1.1 Scope43

1.2 Reference to Methods of Testing Other Tubes43

1.3 Precautions43

1.4 Ambient Light43

1.5 Operating Conditions43

2 Instructions for Test44

2.1 Cutoff Voltage44

2.2 Leakage Currents44

2.3 Electrode Currents45

2.4 Gas Content45

2.5 Cathode-Ray-Tube Capacitances45

2.6 Focusing-Electrode Voltage of Electrostatic-FocusTypes45

2.7 Focusing-Coil Current of Magnetic-Focus Types45

2.8 Deection Factor of Electrostatic-Deection Types46

2.9 Deection Factor of Magnetic-Deection Types46

2.10 Screen Luminance46

2.11 Chromaticity of Screen Luminescence48

2.12 Screen-Persistence Characteristic51

2.13 Large-Area Contrast52

2.14 Resolution53

3 Bibliography56

PART 3: GAS TUBES57

1 Introduction57

1.1 General Precautions57

2 Hot-Cathode Gas-Tube Tests57

2.1 Filament or Heater Electrical Characteristic57

2.2 Control-Characteristic Tests57

2.3 Emission Tests58

2.4 Grid-Current Tests58

2.5 Fault-Current Test （Surge-Current Test）58

2.6 Operation Test58

2.7 Thermal Tests for Hot-Cathode Mercury Tubes60

2.8 Recover-Time Test61

2.9 Thyratron Ionization-Time Test63

3 Cold-Cathode Gas-Tube Tests63

3.1 General Precautions63

3.2 Breakdown-Voltage Tests63

3.3 Anode-Voltage-Drop Tests63

3.4 Transfer-Current Test64

3.5 Voltage-Regulator-Tube Regulation Test64

3.6 Drift Rate64

3.7 Repeatability64

3.8 Temperature Coefcient of Voltage Drop64

3.9 Voltage Jump64

PART 4: MICROWAVE-DUPLEXER TUBES65

1 Introduction65

2 Low-Level Radio-Frequency Measurements65

2.1 Tuning-Susceptance （ATR Tubes）65

2.2 Normalized Equivalent Conductance （ATR Tubes）66

2.3 Loaded Q （ATR Tubes）67

2.4 Mode Purity （ATR Tubes）67

2.5 Insertion Loss （TR Tubes）68

2.6 Low-Level VSWR （TR Tubes） 6g69

2.7 Ignitor Interaction （TR Tubes）69

2.8 Low-Level Phase Shift （TR Tubes）69

2.9 Low-Level VSWR （Dual TR Tubes）69

2.10 Transmitter-Receiver Isolation （Dual TR Tubes）70

2.11 Loaded Q （High-Q TR Tubes）70

2.12 Unloaded Q （High-Q TR Tubes）70

2.13 Resonance Frequency （High-Q TR Tubes）71

2.14 Tuning Range （High-Q TR Tubes）71

2.15 Frequency-Temperature Drift （High-Q TR Tubes）71

2.16 Insertion Loss （High-Q TR Tubes）71

3 High-Level Radio-Frequency Measurements71

3.1 Recovery Time （ATR Tubes）71

3.2 ATR Arc Loss72

3.3 ATR High-Power-Level VSWR73

3.4 ATR High-Power-Level Firing Time73

3.5 Recovery Time （TR and Pre-TR Tubes）73

3.6 Position of Effective Short （TR and Pre-TR Tubes）74

3.7 Leakage Power （TR and Pre-TR Tubes）74

3.8 Minimum Operating Power （TR and Pre-TR Tubes）76

3.9 Phase-Recovery Time （TR and Pre-TR Tubes）76

4 Ignitor-Electrode Measurements76

4.1 Ignitor Voltage Drop76

4.2 Ignitor Firing Time77

4.3 Ignitor Oscillations77

4.4 Ignitor-Leakage Resistance77

PART 5: PHOTOTUBES78

1Introduction78

1.1 Classication of Phototubes78

1.2 Characteristics78

2 Sensitivity78

2.1 Luminous Sensitivity78

2.2 Illumination Sensitivity80

2.3 Response to Filtered Light81

2.4 Radiant Sensitivity （Monochromatic）81

2.5 Quantum Efciency82

2.6 Spectral-Sensitivity Characteristic82

2.7 Uniformity of Sensitivity of Phototubes82

2.8 Fatigue82

3 Current Amplication82

3.1 Gas-Amplication Factor of a Phototube82

3.2 Current Amplication of a Multiplier Phototube83

4 Current-Voltage Characteristics83

4.1 Diode Phototube83

4.2 Multiplier Phototube83

5Dynamic Characteristics84

5.1 Dynamic-Sensitivity Characteristics of a Gas Photo-tube84

5.2 Pulse Response84

5.3 Variation in Transit Time with Position of Illumina-tion85

6 Electrode Dark Current85

6.1 Anode Dark Current85

6.2 Equivalent Anode-Dark-Current Input86

6.3 Temperature Characteristic of Dark Current86

6.4 Electrode Dark Current in a Multiplier Phototube86

7 Noise in Multiplier Phototubes86

7.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio86

7.2 Equivalent Noise Input87

7.3 Ratio of Signal-to-Noise-in-Signal87

8 Collection Eiciency87

8.1 Uniformity of Collection Efciency87

9 Peak-Output-Current Limitations88

9.1 Space-Charge-Limited Output Current88

9.2 Peak Output Current Limited by High Cathode Re-sistivity88

10 Denitions89

10.1 Equivalent Noise Input （of a Phototube）89

10.2 Sensitivity （of a Photosensitive Electron Device）89

10.3 Sensitivity， Dynamic （of a Phototube）89

10.4 Sensitivity， Radiant （Camera Tubes or Phototubes）89

10.5 Transit Time （of a Multiplier Phototube）89

10.6 Transit-rime Spread89

PART 6: MICROWAVE TUBES90

Introduction91

ANonoperating Characteristics91

1 Resonance-Frequency Measurements91

1.1 Reflection Method91

1.2 Transmission Method91

2 Measurements91

2.1 Overcoupled Case （Output Losses Neglected）92

2.2 Undercoupled Case （Output Losses Neglected）93

3Phase of Frequency-Sink Measurements94

4Measurement of Dispersion Characteristics， Uniform In-teraction Circuit94

B Microwave Oscillators95

5Power Output95

5.1 Measurement of Average Power95

5.2 Measurements of Peak Power95

6Methods of Measurement of Frequency96

6.1 Measurements with an Accuracy of One Part in 106or Better96

6.2 Measurements with an Accuracy of the Order of OnePart in96

7Method of Measurement of Microwave Local-OscillatorNoise97

8Transmitting-Oscillator Noise98

8.1 Spectrum Measurement98

8.2 Amplitude-Modulation Noise98

8.3 Angle-Modulation Noise99

9Loading Effects99

10Methods of Measurement of Mechanical Tuning Charac-teristics of Microwave-Oscillator Tubes100

10.1 Calibration101

10.2 Resetability101

10.3 Stability101

10.4 Life101

10.5 Starting Force （or Torque）101

10.6 Operating Force （or Torque）101

11 Electrical Tuning101

12 Modulation of CW Oscillators102

12.1 Amplitude Modulation102

12.2 Frequency Modulation102

12.3 Distortion103

12.4 Carrier-Frequency Shift103

13 Pulsed-Oscillator Measurements103

13.1 Measurement of RF Spectrum103

13.2 Pulse Jitter and Missing Pulses104

14 Spurious Oscillations106

14.1 CW Oscillators106

14.2 Pulsed Oscillators107

15 Frequency Pushing108

15.1 Static-Pushing Measurement108

15.2 Dynamic-Pushing Measurement108

CMicrowave Amplierslo109

16 Matched Gain （Microwave Amplifier）109

16.1 Direct Method109

16.2 Indirect Method109

17Input-Impedance Measurements110

17.1 Measurement of Standing-Wave-Ratio S110

17.2 Measurement of the Reference Angle110

18Output-Impedance Measurements110

18.1 Measurement of Standing-Wave-Ratio s110

18.2 Measurement of Reference Angle111

19 Measurement of Amplier Bandwidth111

20.Measurement of Amplier Loss111

20.1 Circuit Insertion Loss111

20.2 Backward Loss111

21.Phase Measurements ill111

21.1 Fixed-Frequency Tests111

21.2 Variable-Frequency Test112

21.3 Time-Delay Measurement112

22.Noise Factor， Noise Figure112

23.Carrier-to-Noise Fluctuations112

23.1 Amplitude Fluctuations112

23.2 Phase Fluctuations113

24.Frequency Range114

25.Amplier Power Output114

25.1 Amplier Fundamental Power Output114

25.2 Harmonic Power Output114

26.Conditional Oscillations114

27.Intermodulation115

27.1 Amplitude Distortion115

27.2 Phase-to-Amplitude Conversion115

27.3 Phase Distortion116

27.4 Amplitude-to-Phase Conversion116

27.5 Multisignal Intermodulation （Frequency-Conver-sion Eect）116

27.6 Cross Modulation117

28 Modulation Characteristics118

29 Testing of Microwave Ampliers Under Pulse Conditions118

29.1 Pulse Shape and Spectrum119

29.2 Pulse-to-Pulse Phase Coherence119

29.3 Cuto Characteristics120

29.4 Pulse Echoes （Internal Reections）120

30 Test for Voltage-Tunable Ampliers121

30.1 The Tuning Characteristic121

30.2 Start-Oscillation Characteristic121

31 Tests for Frequency Multipliers121

32 Stability of Characteristics121

33 Additional Denitions of Terms for Tunable MicrowaveOscillators121

33.1 Tuning Range （of Oscillator）21

33.2 Tuning Sensitivity （of Oscillator）121

33.3 Tuning Creep （of Oscillator）121

33.4 Response Time （of an Electrically-Tuned Oscillator）121

33.5 Resetability （of Oscillator）121

33.6 Hysteresis121

33.7 Backlash121

33.8 Electrically-Tuned Oscillator121

PART 7: CATHODE-INTERFACE IMPEDANCE122

1 Introduction122

1.1 General Comments122

1.2 General Test Conditions123

1.3 Measurement Circuits123

1.4 Complementary-Network Bridge124

1.5 Shunt-Admittance Method126

1.6 Standard-Tube-Comparison Method126

1.7 Dierential-Comparison Method126

1.8 CW Method126

2 Bibliography127

PART 8: CAMERA TUBES128

1 Introduction128

1.1 Denitions128

2 Test Equipment128

2.1 Design and Adjustment of Test Equipment128

2.2 Specication of Test Results129

3 Methods of Test130

3.1 Measurement of Transfer Characteristic13

3.2 Measurement of Noise130

3.3 Measurement of Resolution131

3.4 Measurement of Persistence Characteristic132

3.5 Measurement of Spectral-Sensitivity Characteristic133

3.6 Miscellaneous Tests133

4.Selected Bibliography134

PART 9: NOISE IN LINEAR TwoPORTS135

1 Introduction135

2 Noise Factor135

2.1 Variation of Noise Factor with Source Admittance13

2.2 Average Noise Factor136

3 Measurement of Average Noise Factor136

3.1 CW-Signal-Generator Method137

3.2 Dispersed-Signal-Source Method138

3.3 Comparison Methods of Noise Measurement139

3.4 Precautions139

4 Measurement of Spot-Noise Parameters140

4.1 Noise Factor of Transducers in Cascade140

4.2 The Noise Parameters Fo， Go， Bo， and Rn140

Appendix: Representation of Noise in Linear Twoports143

1 Introduction143

2 Representations of Linear Twoports143

3 Representations of Stationary Noise Sources144

4 Relationship of Spectral Densities and Fourier Ampli-tudes to Mean-Square Fluctuations145

5 Noise Transformations by Linear Twoports146

6 Conclusion148

PART 10: CATHODE-RAY CHARGE STORAGE TUBES149

1.Introduction149

2.Types of Cathode-Ray Charge Storage Tubes149

2.1 Classication by Output149

2.2 Classication by Deection Pattern149

2.3 Combination Storage Tubes149

3 Measurement of Resolution149

3.1 Resolution of Scanned Electrical-Signal StorageTubes150

3.2 Resolution of Electrical-Visual Storage Tubes150

3.3 Resolution of Beam-Indexed Electrical-SignalStorage Tubes151

4 Measurement of Writing Speed or Writing Time151

4.1 Writing Speed of Scanned Electrical-Signal StorageTubes151

4.2 Writing Speed of Scanned Electrical-Visual StorageTubes151

4.3 Writing Time of Beam-Indexed Electrical-SignalStorage Tubes151

4.4 Writing Time of Beam-Indexed Electrical-VisualStorage Tubes151

5 Measurement of Erasing Speed or Erasing Time152

5.1 Erasing Speed of Scanned Electrical-Signal StorageTubes152

5.2 Erasing Speed of Scanned Electrical-Visual StorageTubes152

5.3 Erasing Time of Beam-Indexed Electrical-SignalStorage Tubes153

5.4 Erasing Time for Flood-Gun Operation in Electrical-Visual Storage Tubes153

6 Measurement of Retention Time153

7 Measurement of Reading Characteristics153

7.1 Measurement of Read Number153

7.2 Read Time of Beam-Indexed Storage Tubes153

7.3 Read-Around Number of Beam-Indexed StorageTubes154

7.4 Measurement of Viewing Time for Visual OutputTubes154

8 Measurement of Decay Time154

8.1 Static Decay Time154

8.2 Dynamic Decay Time154

9 Measurement of Signal-to-Shading Ratio154

9.1 Signal-to-Shading Ratio of Electrical-Signal StorageTubes155

9.2 Signal-to-Shading Ratio of Electrical-Visual StorageTubes155

10 Measurement of Signal-to-Disturbance Ratio155

10.1 Signal-to-Disturbance Ratio of Electrical-SignalStorage Tubes155

10.2 Signal-to-Disturbance Ratio of Electrical-VisualStorage Tubes155

11 Luminance of Electrical-Visual Storage Tubes156

11.1 Maximum Luminance156

11.2 Contrast Ratio156

12 Measurement of Beam Curnt156

13 Denitions156