MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION Application and Design THIRD EDITIONPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION&walter H.Olson1

1.1 Terminology of Medicine and Medical Devices4

1.2 Generalized Medical Instrumentation System5

1.3 Alternative Operational Modes7

1.4 Medical Measurement Constraints9

1.5 Classifications of Biomedical Instruments12

1.6 Interfering and Modifying Inputs12

1.7 Compensation Techniques13

1.8 Biostatistics16

1.9 Generalized Static Characteristics19

1.10 Generalized Dynamic Characteristics25

1.11 Design Criteria35

1.12 Commercial Medical Instrumentation Development Process35

1.13 Regulation of Medical Devices38

Problems39

References42

2 BASIC SENSORS AND PRINCIPLES&Robert A.Peura and John G.Webster44

2.1 Displacement Measurements44

2.2 Resistive Sensors45

2.3 Bridge Circuits51

2.4 Inductive Sensors53

2.5 Capacitive Sensors55

2.6 Piezoelectric Sensors57

2.7 Temperature Measurements61

2.8 Thermocouples62

2.9 Thermistors64

2.10 Radiation Thermometry67

2.11 Fiber-Optic Temperature Sensors72

2.12 Optical Measurements72

2.13 Radiation Sources73

2.14 Geometrical and Fiber Optics78

2.15 Optical Filters80

2.16 Radiation Sensors81

2.17 Optical Combinations84

Problems85

References87

3 AMPLIFIERS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING&John G.Webster89

3.1 Ideal Op Amps89

3.2 Inverting Amplifiers91

3.3 Noninverting Amplifiers94

3.4 Differential Amplifiers95

3.5 Comparators98

3.6 Rectifiers100

3.7 Logarithmic Amplifiers101

3.8 Integrators102

3.9 Differentiators105

3.10 Active Filters106

3.11 Frequency Response108

3.12 Offset Voltage110

3.13 Bias Current111

3.14 Input and Output Resistance113

3.15 Phase-Sensitive Demodulators115

3.16 Microcomputers in Medical Instrumentation118

Problems118

References120

4 THE ORIGIN OF BIOPOTENTIALS&John W.Clark, Jr121

4.1 Electrical Activity of Excitable Cells121

4.2 Volume Conductor Fields129

4.3 Functional Organization of the Peripheral Nervous System132

4.4 The Electroneurogram （ENG）134

4.5 The Electromyogram （EMG）138

4.6 The Electrocardiogram （ECG）139

4.7 The Electroretinogram （ERG）151

4.8 The Electroencephalogram （EEG）156

4.9 The Magnetoencephalogram （MEG）175

Problems176

References180

5 BIOPOTENTIAL ELECTRODES&Michael R.Neuman183

5.1 The Electrode-Electrolyte Interface183

5.2 Polarization186

5.3 Polarizable and Nonpolarizable Electrodes189

5.4 Electrode Behavior and Circuit Models194

5.5 The Electrode-Skin Interface and Motion Artifact196

5.6 Body-Surface Recording Electrodes200

5.7 Internal Electrodes206

5.8 Electrode Arrays211

5.9 Microelectrodes213

5.10 Electrodes for Electric Stimulation of Tissue222

5.11 Practical Hints in Using Electrodes225

Problems226

References230

6 BIOPOTENTIAL AMPLIFIERS&Michael R.Neuman233

6.1 Basic Requirements233

6.2 The Electrocardiograph235

6.3 Problems Frequently Encountered245

6.4 Transient Protection253

6.5 Common-Mode and Other Interference-Reduction Circuits255

6.6 Amplifiers for Other Biopotential Signals258

6.7 Example of a Biopotential Preamplifier262

6.8 Other Biopotential Signal Processors264

6.9 Cardiac Monitors273

6.10 Biotelemetry277

Problems281

References285

7 BLOOD PRESSURE AND SOUND&Robert A.Peura287

7.1 Direct Measurements289

7.2 Harmonic Analysis of Blood-Pressure Waveforms294

7.3 Dynamic Properties of Pressure-Measurement Systems295

7.4 Measurement of System Response302

7.5 Effects of System Parameters on Response303

7.6 Bandwidth Requirements for Measuring Blood Pressure305

7.7 Typical Pressure-Waveform Distortion305

7.8 Systems for Measuring Venous Pressure307

7.9 Heart Sounds308

7.10 Phonocardiography312

7.11 Cardiac Catheterization312

7.12 Effects of Potential and Kinetic Energy on Pressure Measurements316

7.13 Indirect Measurements of Blood Pressure317

7.14 Tonometry324

Problems328

References329

8 MEASUREMENT OF FLOW AND VOLUME OF BLOOD&John G.Webster332

8.1 Indicator-Dilution Method That Uses Continuous Infusion332

8.2 Indicator-Dilution Method That Uses Rapid Injection335

8.3 Electromagnetic Flowmeters338

8.4 Ultrasonic Flowmeters344

8.5 Thermal-Convection Velocity Sensors355

8.6 Chamber Plethysmography357

8.7 Electric-Impedance Plethysmography359

8.8 Photoplethysmography366

Problems368

References369

9 MEASUREMENTS OF THERESPIRATORY SYSTEM&Frank P.Primiano, Jr372

9.1 Modeling the Respiratory System373

9.2 Measurement of Pressure380

9.3 Measurement of Gas-Flow Rate382

9.4 Lung Volume390

9.5 Respiratory Plethysmography399

9.6 Some Tests of Respiratory Mechanics406

9.7 Measurement of Gas Concentration417

9.8 Some Tests of Gas Transport427

Problems434

References437

10 CHEMICAL BIOSENSORS&Robert A.Peura440

10.1 Blood-Gas and Acid-Base Physiology442

10.2 Electrochemical Sensors444

10.3 Chemical Fibrosensors450

10.4 Ion-Selective Field-Effect Transistor （ISFET）466

10.5 Immunologically Sensitive Field-Effect Transistor （IMFET）468

10.6 Noninvasive Blood-Gas Monitoring469

10.7 Blood-Glucose Sensors477

10.8 Summary482

Problems482

References483

11 CLINICAL LABORATORY INSTRUMENTATION&Lawrence A.Wheeler486

11.1 Spectrophotometry487

11.2 Automated Chemical Analyzers495

11.3 Chromatology502

11.4 Electrophoresis505

11.5 Hematology507

Problems515

References516

12 MEDICAL IMAGING SYSTEMS&Melvin P.Siedband518

12.1 Information Content of an Image518

12.2 Modulation Transfer Function525

12.3 Noise-Equivalent Bandwidth527

12.4 Photography527

12.5 Television Systems530

12.6 Radiography532

12.7 Computed Radiography540

12.8 Computed Tomography543

12.9 Magnetic Resonance Imaging551

12.10 Nuclear Medicine555

12.11 Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography561

12.12 Positron Emission Tomography562

12.13 Ultrasonography565

Problems573

References576

13 THERAPEUTIC AND PROSTHETIC DEVICES&Michael R.Neuman577

13.1 Cardiac Pacemakers and Other Electric Stimulators577

13.2 Defibrillators and Cardioverters591

13.3 Mechanical Cardiovascular Orthotic and Prosthetic Devices597

13.4 Hemodialysis600

13.5 Lithotripsy602

13.6 Ventilators604

13.7 Infant Incubators607

13.8 Drug Delivery Devices609

13.9 Surgical Instruments613

13.10 Therapeutic Applications of the Laser617

Problems618

References620

14 ELECTRICAL SAFETY&waiter H.Oison623

14.1 Physiological Effects of Electricity624

14.2 Important Susceptibility Parameters626

14.3 Distribution of Electric Power630

14.4 Macroshock Hazards634

14.5 Microshock Hazards636

14.6 Electrical-Safety Codes and Standards640

14.7 Basic Approaches to Protection Against Shock642

14.8 Protection: Power Distribution643

14.9 Protection: Equipment Design646

14.10 Electrical-Safety Analyzers649

14.11 Testing the Electric System650

14.12 Tests of Electric Appliances654

Problems656

References658

APPENDIX659

A.1 Physical Constants659

A.2 SI Prefixes659

A.3 SI Units660

Reference660

A.4 Abbreviations661

A.5 Chemical Elements664

INDEX667