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Chapter 1 Introduction1

Introduction2

What Does Carrier Grade Mean?2

What Does VoIP Mean?3

A Little About IP4

Why VoIP?5

Why Carry Voice?5

Why Use IP for Voice?6

Lower Equipment Cost7

Voice/Data Integration and Advanced Services9

Lower Bandwidth Requirements12

The Widespread Availability of IP13

The VoIP Market14

VoIP Challenges15

Speech Quality16

Network Reliability and Scalability19

Managing Access and Prioritizing Traffic20

VoIP Implementations20

IP-Based PBX Solutions21

IP Voice Mail22

Hosted PBX Solutions22

IP Call Centers23

IP User Devices24

Overview of Following Chapters24

Chapter 2 Transporting Voice by Using IP29

Introduction30

Overview of the IP Protocol Suite31

Internet Standards and the Standards Process34

The Internet Society34

The Internet Architecture Board(IAB)35

The Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF)35

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA)36

The Internet Standards Process36

The Internet Engineering Steering Group(IESG)36

IP38

The IP Header38

IP Routing39

The Transmission Control Protocol(TCP)44

The TCP Header45

TCP Connections47

The User Datagram Protocol(UDP)49

Voice over UDP, not TCP51

The Real-Time Transport Protocol(RTP)52

RTP Payload Formats53

The RTP Header57

Mixers and Translators61

The RTP Control Protocol(RTCP)62

RTCP Sender Report(SR)64

RTCP Source Description Packet(SDES)67

RTCP Receiver Report(RR)67

RTCP BYE Packet68

Application-Defined RTCP Packet69

Calculating Round-Trip Time70

Calculating Jitter70

Timing of RTCP Packets71

IP Multicast72

IP Version 6 Header74

IP Version 674

IP Version 6 Addresses75

IP Version 6 Header Extensions78

Interoperating IP Version 4 and IP Version 681

Other Supporting Functions and Protocols82

IP Security83

Domain Name Service(DNS)84

Path MTU Discovery85

Chapter 3 Speech-Coding Techniques87

Introduction88

Voice Quality89

A Little About Speech90

Voice Sampling93

Quantization94

Types of Speech Coders96

G.71197

Adaptive DPCM(ADPCM)98

Analysis-by-Synthesis(AbS)Codecs98

G.728 LD-CELP99

G.723.1 ACELP101

G.729103

Selecting Codecs105

Cascaded Codecs106

Tones,Signals,and DTMF Digits107

Chapter 4 H.323111

Introduction112

The H.323 Architecture113

Overview of H.323 Signaling115

Overview of H.323 Protocols117

H.323 Addressing119

Codecs120

RAS Signaling120

Gatekeeper Discovery122

Endpoint Registration and Registration Cancellation125

Endpoint Location127

Admission128

Bandwidth Change130

Status132

Disengage133

Resource Availability134

Request in Progress134

Call Signaling134

Setup137

Call Proceeding137

Release Complete138

Connect138

Alerting138

Progress138

Facility139

Interaction between Call Signaling and H.245 Control Signaling139

Call Scenarios140

Basic Call without Gatekeepers140

A Basic Call with Gatekeepers and Direct-Endpoint Call Signaling141

A Basic Call with Gatekeeper/Direct-Routed Call Signaling142

A Basic Call with Gatekeeper-Routed Call Signaling144

Optional Called-Endpoint Signaling146

H.245 Control Signaling148

H.245 Message Groupings148

The Concept of Logical Channels149

H.245 Procedures149

Fast-Connect Procedure155

H.245 Message Encapsulation158

An Ad-Hoc Conference160

Conference Calls160

A Pre-Arranged Conference160

Chapter 5 The Session Initiation Protocol(SIP)163

Introduction164

The Popularity of SIP164

SIP Architecture165

SIP Network Entities166

SIP Call Establishment168

SIP Advantages over Other Signaling Protocols169

Overview of SIP Messaging Syntax170

SIP Requests172

SIP Responses173

SIP Addressing176

SIP Addressing177

Message Headers177

Registration184

Examples of SIP Message Sequences184

Invitation186

Termination of a Call188

Redirect and Proxy Servers188

Redirect Servers189

Proxy Servers191

The Session Description Protocol(SDP)195

The Structure of SDP195

SDP Syntax197

Usage of SDP with SIP203

Negotiation of Media204

Usage of SIP for Features and Services206

Call Forwarding208

Consultation Hold209

SIP Extensions and Enhancements211

The SIP 183 Session-Progress Message212

The SIP INF0 Method213

The SIP-Supported Header214

Reliability of Provisional Responses216

Integration of SIP Signaling and Resource Management218

Interworking223

PSTN Interworking224

Interworking with H.323227

Summary231

Chapter 6 Media Gateway Control and the Softswitch Architecture233

Introduction234

Separation of Media and Call Control234

Softswitch Architecture236

Requirements for Media Gateway Control238

Protocols for Media Gateway Control239

MGCP240

The MGCP Model241

MGCP Endpoints241

MGCP Calls and Connections243

Overview of MGCP Commands244

Overview of MGCP Responses249

Command and Response Details251

Call Setup Using MGCP257

Call Setup Based on Detected Events260

MGCP Events,Signals,and Packages263

Internetworking between MGCP and SIP264

MGCP Call Release266

MEGACO/H.248267

MEGACO Architecture267

Overview of MEGACO Commands272

Descriptors274

Packages283

MEGACO Command and Response Details284

Call Setup Using MEGACO290

MEGACO Call Setup Based on Detected Events295

Interworking between MEGACO and SIP301

Chapter 7 VoIP and SS7303

Introduction304

The SS7 Protocol Suite306

The Message Transfer Part306

ISUP and SCCP307

SS7 Network Architecture308

Signaling Points310

Signal Transfer Point310

Service Control Point(SCP)311

Message Signal Units(MSUs)312

SS7 Addressing313

The ISDN User Part(ISUP)314

Performance Requirements for SS7316

Sigtran318

Sigtran Architecture320

SCTP325

M3UA Operation337

M2UA Operation345

Interworking SS7 and VoIP Architectures347

Interworking Softswitch and SS7347

Interworking H.323 and SS7352

Chapter 8 Quality of Service355

Introduction356

The Need for QOS356

End-to-End QOS358

It s Not Just the Network359

Overview of QOS Solutions360

More Bandwidth360

QOS Protocols and Architectures361

QOS Policies365

The Resource-Reservation Protocol(RSVP)365

RSVP Syntax366

Establishing Reservations367

Guaranteed Service378

Reservation Errors378

Controlled-Load Service379

Removing Reservations and the Use of Soft State380

DiffServ381

DiffServ Architecture382

The Need for Service-Level Agreements(SLAs)383

Per-Hop Behaviors(PHBs)384

Multi-Protocol Label Switching(MPLS)387

MPLS Architecture388

FECs and Labels390

Actions at LSRs392

Label-Switched Paths394

MPLS Traffic Engineering394

Combining QOS Solutions401

Further Information401

Chapter 9 Accessing the Network403

Modems404

Introduction404

ISDN406

BRI407

Primary Rate Interface(PRI)409

The Future of ISDN409

Digital Subscriber Line(DSL)410

DSL Variants411

The ADSL Architecture415

DSL Modulation418

DSL Challenges419

Using the Cable TV Infrastructure421

Hybrid-Fiber Coax421

Data Transmission over the HFC Network422

The Packet Cable Architecture423

Fixed Wireless Access425

LMDS425

Mobile Services427

The Evolution to 3G for GSM428

The Evolution to 3G for IS-136 TDMA431

The Evolution to 3G for IS-95 CDMA432

Chapter 10 Fax over IP(FoIP)433

Introduction434

Today s Fax Service434

T.4 and T.30434

Real-Time Fax438

Sending Fax Messages over IP440

Fax and H.323445

TCP or UDP446

Fax and SIP,SDP,and RTP447

E-Mail-Based Fax448

References451

Glossary459

Index467