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Ⅰ．CHUNG-KUO3

China's Neighbors3

Regions of China4

Land Utilization4

Mineral Resources5

Expansion of the Chinese6

Other Races of China8

Language9

Demography10

Occupational Struc-ture11

Poverty12

Education12

Family System and Conserva-tism14

Absence of Religion and the Chinese Affinity for Ac-culturation15

Evolution of the Chinese State16

Ⅱ．THE POLITICAL THOUGHT OF OLD CHINA20

Early Schools20

The Confucian School22

Tung Chung-shu:the Great Confucianist24

Further Enrichment of Confucian-ism26

Confucianism Stereotyped26

Traditionalism under Attack28

Ⅲ．THE POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS OF OLD CHINA30

The Monarchy30

Principal Officers of State32

Central Ad-ministrative Departments34

Civil Service35

The Censors38

Law40

Local Administration42

Public Services45

Ⅳ．THE IMPACT OF THE WEST AND THE FALL OF THE MONARCHY49

Imitation of Western Arms50

Imitation of Western Institu-tions:the Reform Movement51

The Revolutionary Movement55

The Revolution of 1911,57

The Chinese Republic59

Ⅴ．THE TRIALS AND FAILURES OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC61

Yuan Shih-k'ai and the Great Betrayal61

Tuan Ch'i-jui and His Rivals65

Lessons of the Peking Regime69

Ⅵ．THE RISE OF THE KUOMINTANG TO SUPREME POWER81

The T'ung Meng Hui81

The Parliamentary Kuomintang83

The Chinese Revolutionary Party84

The Splinter Groups85

Sun Yat-sen's Canton Regime86

Sun Yat-sen's Reorganization of the Kuomintang88

The Death of Sun Yat-sen and the Second Party Congress91

The Northern Expedition and the Final Triumph92

Ⅶ．CHIANGKAI-SHEK'S RISE TO POWER WITHIN THE KUOMINTANG94

Political Rivalries94

Military Rivalries101

Ⅷ．THE KUOMINTANG:ITS DOCTRINE,ORGANIZATION,AND LEADERSHIP109

Sun Yat-sen's Reorganized Ideas111

Ideological Sterility after Sun's Death115

Kuomintang Membership117

Congresses and Executive Committees119

The Party Leader121

Demo-cratic Centralism123

Party Administration124

The Youth Corps126

Segmentation within the Party128

Ⅸ．THE KUOMINTANG TUTELAGE133

The Principle of Tutelage133

The Tutelage Constitution of 1931,137

The Political Council139

Planning and Planning Machinery145

Party Interference in Government147

Ⅹ．THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT AND ITS PRESIDENT150

The Organic Law151

The Five-Yuan Government152

Presi-dent and Council156

The President159

The Council160

Staff Organization162

Ⅺ．THE EXECUTIVE YUAN164

The Position of the Executive Yuan164

The President of the Executive Yuan166

The Members of the Executive Yuan167

The Powers of the Executive Yuan169

The Executive Yuan Council171

Staff Organization of the Executive Yuan172

The Executive Yuan and the Other Yuan173

The Executive Yuan's Control of the Provincial Governors175

Ⅻ．THE MILITARY POWER177

The Chinese Tradition of Civilian Government177

Emergence of a Military Tradition178

Militarism and the Revolutionists179

Military Basis of the Kuomintang Regime179

Military Organization:1925-1937,181

Military Organization during the War:1937-1946,185

Nationalization of the Armed Forces188

Problems Created by the Supremacy of the Military189

ⅩⅢ．LEGISLATION AND THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS191

The Legislative Yuan in the Five-Power Government191

The President of the Legislative Yuan193

The Members of the Legislative Yuan194

The Sittings of the Legislative Yuan196

The Committees of the Legislative Yuan197

The Powers of the Legislative Yuan199

Legislative Procedure200

ⅩⅣ．FINANCE AND THE BUDGET205

History of the Budget System in China205

The Budget Law of 1937,206

The Budget-Making Power under the Law of 1937,208

Budget-Making During the War Years210

The Finances of China212

Financial Administration214

ⅩⅤ．ADMINISTRATION AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS217

Central Departments of Administration217

Administrative Organization219

Independent Agencies and Advisory Bodies Attached to the Administrative Departments223

The Role of the Departmental Head225

Local Administration226

Administrative Action228

Administrative Reforms229

ⅩⅥ．THE EXAMINATION YUAN AND THE CIVIL SERVICE233

The Examination Power233

The Examination Yuan234

The Examinations235

Post-Examination Training238

The Ministry of Personnel and the Administration of the Civil Serv-ice240

The Personnel Establishment243

The Civil Service243

ⅩⅦ．LAW AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE247

The Westernization of Chinese Law247

The Judicial Yuan249

The Organization of the Courts253

Judicial Procedure255

Administrative Adjudication257

Disciplinary Adjudica-tion259

The Bench and the Bar260

ⅩⅧ．THE CONTROL POWER262

The Nature of the Control Power262

Organization of the Control Yuan263

Inspections and Investigations265

Impeach-ment268

The Rectification Power273

The Warning Power273

Audit274

ⅩⅨ．THE PEOPLE'S POLITICAL COUNCIL278

The Question of a People's Assembly for the Period of Tutelage278

Establishment and Evolution of the Council280

The Membership of the Council281

The Organization and Pro-cedure of the Council285

The Powers of the Council288

An Evaluation of the People's Political Council293

ⅩⅩ．WARTIME DEMANDS FOR CONSTITUTIONALISM296

Sun Yat-sen's Ideas of Transition from Tutelage to Constitu-tionalism296

The Preparation of a Draft Constitution298

The Draft Constitution of May 5,1936,303

Wartime Demands for Constitutional Government306

Wartime Demands for Free-dom310

The Question of the National Assembly313

ⅩⅪ．THE CONSTITUTION OF 1946317

The Political Consultative Conference and Constitution-Making317

The National Assembly of 1946,320

The Constitution of December 25,1946,324

Preparatory Work for the Enforcement of the Constitution329

ⅩⅫ．THE NEW GOVERNMENT OF 1948331

The First National Assembly331

The President of the Republic336

The Executive Yuan341

The Legislative Yuan342

The Control Yuan344

An Appraisal of the New Government of 1948,345

ⅩⅩⅢ．POLITICAL PARTIES346

Parties at the End of the Manchu Dynasty346

Political Parties in the First Years of the Republic347

The Splinter Parties of 1916-1923,349

Rise of the Contemporary Parties350

The Chinese Youth Party351

The Democratic Socialist Party354

The Third Party355

The National Salvation Association356

The Vocational Education Group357

The Rural Reconstruc-tion Group358

The Democratic League358

The Communist Party363

The Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang367

ⅩⅩⅣ．PARTY POLITICS AND STRUGGLES369

The Suppression of Political Parties,1927-1937,369

Parties During the War Years371

Parties in the Political Consultative Conference375

Kuomintang Policy Regarding Other Parties381

Communist Policy on Political Parties383

The Prospect of Political Parties385

ⅩⅩⅤ．THE OUTLOOK FOR A GOVERNMENT FOR THE PEOPLE AND BY THE PEOPLE387

NOTES399

APPENDICES429

A．Chronology,1912-1928431

B.A List of Constitutions,Provisional Constitutions,and Constitutional Drafts,1908-1946435

C．The Constitution of the Republic of China,October 10,1923436

D．The Constitution of the Republic of China,December 25,1946447

E．Sun Yat-Sen's Fundamentals of National Reconstruction,April 12,1924462

F．The Statute of the Chung-Kuo Kuomintang as Revised by the Sixth National Congress,May 16,1945465

G．National Congresses and Plenary Sessions of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang473

H．Evolution of the Political Council475

I．Organic Law of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China Passed by the First Session of the Chinese People's Consultative Conference on September 27,1949477

BIBLIOGRAPHY A．Books in Western Languages483

BIBLIOGRAPHY B．Books in Chinese499

TRANSLITERATIONS OF CHINESE WORDS511

INDEX515