现代通信最新技术 第2版英文版PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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ContentsPreface ⅹⅸCHAPTER 1 Introduction1

Introduction1

The Need for Enhanced Services1

The Past　1

The Future Has Become the Present　3

Goals of the EmergingCommunications Technologies　4

LAN Interconnectivity5

A Brief Summary　5

Neec for Greater Communications Capacity5

Alternatives to the Overhead of IPv6

LAN and WAN Internetworking9

Costs of Connecting Dispersed LANs11

The Virtual Private Network(VPN)11

Proposed Solutions14

The Confusion Factor16

Fast Relay Systems　17

Trends in Technology　19

Hardware and Software 　19

New Technologies:To Use Them or Notto Use Them?22

Broadband Networks　24

Broadband Signaling Hierarchies24

New Technologies:Competitive or Complementary?27

Applications Supported by the New Technologies27

Performance and Distance Considerations29

Obtaining Services for the Networks:Bandwidth on Demand　31

Where Services are Provided　32

Layered Architectures of the Emerging Technologies34

Summary35

CHAPTER 2 Foundations for the Emerging Technologies36

Introduction36

Virtual Circuits　37

A Brief Digression38

Pemmanent Virtual Circuit(PVC)39

Semi-permanent Virtual Circuits(SPVC)　40

Switched Virtual Circuit(SVC)or Connectionon Demand　40

Connection-oriented and Connectionless Systems41

Connection-orientated Systems　41

Connectionless Systems　41

The Pros and Cons　41

The Coexistence of Connection-oriented Systemsand Connectionless Systems　42

CBR Applications　43

VBR Applications　43

Variable Bit Rate(VBR)and Constant Bit Rate(CBR)Applications　43

Flow Control and Congestion Management　45

Explicit Flow Control　45

Implicit Flow Control　45

No Flow Control 　45

User Payload Integrity Management　46

Layered Protocols and Protocol Data Units　47

Addressing and Identification Schemes　49

Multiplexing Methodologies50

Switching,Routing,and Relaying 　50

Fixed and Adaptive Routing51

Source and Non-source Routing51

Network Interfaces　51

Convergence,Segmentation,and Reassembly Operations　53

Summary54

CHAPTER 3 Emerged Technologies55

Introduction55

T1/E1 CARRIER Systems　56

The Purpose of T1 and E1　56

Typical Topology　57

T1 and E1 Layers　58

T1/E1 PDUs59

Conclusions on T1/E1　60

X.2561

The Purpose of X.25　61

Typical Topology　61

X.25 Layers62

X.25 PDUs　63

Other Noteworthy Aspects of X.2564

Conclusions on X.2565

The Purpose of ISDN　66

ISDN66

Typical Topology　67

lSDN Layers70

ISDN PDUs　71

Conclusions on ISDN　74

Signaling System Number 7(SS7)　75

The Purpose of SS775

Typical Topology　75

SS7 Layers　77

SS7 PDUs　80

Conclusions on SS7　81

FDDI　81

The Purpose of FDDI　81

Typical Topology　82

The FDDI Layers83

FDDI PDUs　84

Other Notable Aspects of FDDI　85

Summary　86

Conclusion on FDDI　86

CHAPTER 4 Frame Relay　87

Introduction87

The Purpose of Frame Relay　87

Pertinent Standards 　88

Typical Frame Relay Topology　89

The Frame Relay Layers　91

Frame Relay and Its Relationshipto ISDN Layers　92

OSI and ANSI Layers　94

The Frame Relay Core Functions95

The Frame Relay Protocol Data Unit(PDU)95

Frame Relay Operations in More Detail95

The Data Link Connection Identifier(DLCI)96

Frame Relay Link Layer Error Checking98

Potential Congestion Problems　99

Traffic Management100

Consolidated Link Layer Management(CLLM)103

The Discard Eligibility Bit104

Committed Information Rate105

Leaking CIR and Fast Forward CIR110

Classes of Service Using Bcand Be 　111

DLCIs in More Detail 　112

The Frame Relay Network-to-NetworkInterface (NNI)114

NNI Operations114

Bellcore Exchange Access FR(XA-FR)PVC Service116

DLCI Values120

Added Options to Frame Relay120

Other Notable Aspects of Frame Relay120

The Local Management Interface(LMI)122

Frame Relay SVC Operations122

Other Quality of Service(QOS)Options123

Internetworking Frame Relay and ATM124

Multiprotocol Operations over Frame Relay125

The Frame Relay MIB128

Frame Relay Worksheet129

Summary 　131

Introduction132

Generations of LANs132

CHAPTER 5 Fast and Switched Ethernet132

First Generation 　133

Second Generation 　134

Third Generation134

Fourth Generation135

Switched Ethernet135

Switched Ethernet Architecture135

Store and Forward and Cut-through Switches137

Virtual LANs139

Fast Ethemet 　139

100BASET141

AnyLAN　141

Fast/Switched Ethernet Worksheet142

Summary143

Introduction144

The Purpose of a MAN144

CHAPTER 6 Metropolitan Area Networks(MANs)and SwitchedMultimegabit Data Service(SMDS)144

Pertinent Standards145

A Typical MAN Topology　145

Topology Reconfiguration with Self-HealingNetworks147

The MAN Layers148

MAN Protocol Data Units(PDUs)148

MAN Operations in More Detail149

The Access Unit(AU)149

Overview of the DQDB Protocol151

DQDB Counters152

Location Discovery　154

Segmentation and Encapsulation Operations155

Other Notable Aspects of the MAN164

The Purpose of SMDS166

Introduction to SMDS166

MANSummary　166

Pertinent Standards167

A Typical SMDS Topology168

SMDS Layers170

SMDS Protocol Data Units171

SMDS Operations in More Detail171

Defining and Measuring Congestion171

The Sustained Information Rate(SIR)and Access Classes174

SIP Segmentation and Encapsu lation Functions177

SNI Quality of Service(QOS)Operations178

The Interchange Carrier Interface(ICI)179

Quality of Service(QOS)Objectives180

SMDS Address Management Operations180

Other Notable Aspects of SMDS180

The ISSI181

The Operations System/Network Element(OS/NE)Interface (Operations Technology)182

The SMDS MIB　184

MAN/SMDS Worksheet186

SMDS Summary187

CHAPTER 7 Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)188

Introduction188

The Purpose of ATM188

Pertinent Standards189

An ATM Topology189

The VPI and VCI Labels192

ATM Layers193

ATM and the B-ISDN Model196

ATM Protocol Data Units(Cells)198

ATM Operations in More Detail199

Physical Layer Interfaces199

ATM over Copper　201

Rationale for the Cell Size202

Network Transparency Operations202

ATM Labels209

Multiplexing VCIs and VPIs　210

ATM Connections on Demand211

ATM Switching215

Classes of Traffic　224

AAL Types227

Traffic Management in an ATM Network232

ATM Forum and ITU-T Traffic Controland Congestion Control　238

The ATM B-ISDN Intercarrier Interface(B-ICI)240

Physical Layer Requirements at the B-ICI243

Traffic Management at the B-ICI243

Reference Traffic Loads　244

B-ICI Layer Management Operations245

Other Notable Aspects of ATM245

Addressing in an ATM Network245

Network Management247

The ATM MIB　247

ATM Worksheet249

Summary　250

CHAPTER 8 Synchronous Optical Network(SONET)/Synchronous Digital Hierarchy(SDH)251

Introduction　251

Purpose of SONET/SDH251

Synchronous Networks　253

Typical SONET/SDH Topology　255

Pertinent Standards　255

SONET/SDH Layers260

SONET/SDH in More Detail262

Automatic Protection Switching(APS)262

The SDH Multiplexing Structure　263

Payloads and Envelopes　264

Payload Pointers　269

Examples of Payload Mapping　270

Mapping and Multiplexing Operations275

Error Checking,Diagnostics,and Restoration277

The Control Headers and Fields279

SONET/SDH Equipment285

Other Notable Aspects of SONET/SDH293

Operation Administration and Maintenance(OAM)Operations293

Progress in SONET/SDH Penetration295

SONET/SDH Worksheet295

Summary296

CHAPTER 9Mobile Communications Technologies297

Introduction　297

The Purpose of Mobile Communications Systems　297

Typical Cellular Systems Topology　298

Cellular System Types and Market Penetration　300

Cellular Systems Operations in More Detail　300

GSM　302

GSM Interfaces　304

Call Routing307

Location Updating　308

(TDMA)309

CDMA:A New Arrival into the CommercialMobile,Wireless World310

TDMA versus CDMA311

Cordless Systems Operations in More Detail　312

CT2312

DECT313

Other Standardization Efforts for PCS314

The Auctions in the U．S．and the PCS Marketplace　315

Candidates for PCS Technologies　316

The Cellular Digital Data Packet SystemSpecification(CDPD)　317

CDPD Services and Servers319

Third-Generation Mobile Systems　321

Some Concluding Thoughts　321

Mobile Communications Systems Worksheet322

Mobile Communications Summary323

Introduction　325

CHAPTER 10 Residential Broadband325

The Problem with the Subscriber Loop　326

The Proposed Solutions:Two Interlocking Approaches,Coding/Modulation and Wiring　326

How Much Bandwidth Is Needed to Satisfythe Subscriber?327

Downstream Bandwidth　328

Upstream Bandwidth328

Beyond the Coding/Modulation and Wiring:Service Provisions　329

Switched Digital Video(SDV)　330

Coding and Modulation330

HDSL　330

ADSL　331

Hybrid/fiber Copper(HFCop) 　332

Wiring at the Local Loop:Subscnber Loop Options332

Hybrid/fiber Coax(HFC)334

Fiber to the Curb(FTTC)and Fiber to theHome(FTTH)　337

The Wireless Option　337

Mananging the Broadband Signals　339

Bellcore s TR-303 Specification　340

Residential Broadband Worksheet　340

Summary　340

Introduction　342

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM)　342

Appendix 10A:Coding and Modulation Techniquesfor Residential Broadband　342

Examples of Modulation Schemes and Bit Rates347

Carrierless Amplitude/Phase Modulation(CAP)347

CHAPTER 11 Broadband Signaling Networks349

Introduction　349

What Are Broadband Signaling Networks?349

Differences between Broadband and ConventionalSignaling Systems　350

N-ISDN and B-ISDN351

Example of a Broadband Signaling Network Operation　351

Examples of Services Providedby the Broadband Network　354

ISO 9577　355

The Broadband Signaling Protocols　356

ATM Parameters　356

How the Broadband Signaling Stacks Operate　357

Broadband Signaling Worksheet360

Summary　360

CHAPTER 12 Advanced Intelligent Network361

Introduction361

Operator Services Systems(OSS)　361

The 800 Service Inklings of an Advanced IntelligentNetwork(AIN)362

Key Aspects of the AIN364

The Intelligent Network and the Advanced IntelligentNetwork364

Distribution of Functions365

Evolution to the AIN366

Other Parts of the AIN367

Example of an AIN Operation369

The AIN Basic Call Model　370

Standardized Messages　374

The Private Virtual Network375

AIN Worksheet377

Summary　378

CHAPTER 13 Internet Protocol,Version 6(IPv6)379

Introduction　379

Functions of the Internet Protocol(IPv4)379

The IP Address　381

The Solution——an Expanded IP AddressSpace　383

Problems with IP and the IP Address383

Addresses　384

The Next Generation IP——IPv6　384

Functions of the IPv4 Header Fields384

Functions of the IPv6 Header Fields387

IPv6 andATM　388

Fixed Routing and Virtual Circuits388

Supporting Different Types of Traffic　389

The IPv6-ATM Debate389

IPv6 Worksheet　390

Summary　390

APPENDIX A A Tutorial on Communications Networks393

Introduction　393

Data Communications Networks　393

Classifying Networks　393

Wide Area and Local Area Networks　394

Network Components　395

Voice Networks　398

Nonhierarchical Routing　400

History of and Inherent Problems with Coexistenceof Analog and Digital Systems　400

Analog-to-Digital Conversion　401

Data Images over Voice Channels　404

FDM,TDM,and STDM　405

Circuit,Message,Packet,and Cell Switching　409

Network Routing Operations　411

The Challenge of Integrating Voice,Data,and Video Applications　414

Fast Packet Switching(FPS)　416

Hybrid Switching　417

Introduction　419

Protocols and the OSI Model　419

APPENDIX B Layered Protocols,OSI,and TCP/IP　419

OSI Layer Operations　420

The Internet Protocols(TCP/IP)　426

The Internet Layers　428

IP Functions　430

TCP Operations　432

Introduction　435

Purpose of a MIB　435

APPENDIX C Management Information Bases(MIBs)　435

Examples of MIB Objects and Other Entries　436

APPENDIX D Emerging CommunicationsTechnologies Worksheet　438

Abbreviations　439

References　445

Index　449

GSM 900/DCS1800:Foundation for PCS1900