TCP/IP网络互连技术 卷1 原理，协议和体系结构 英文版·第3版PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

TCP/IP网络互连技术 卷1 原理，协议和体系结构 英文版·第3版PDF格式电子书版下载

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Chapter 1 Introduction And Overview1

1．1 The Motivation For Internetworking1

1．2 The TCP/IP Internet2

1．3 Internet Services3

1．4 History And Scope Of The Internet6

1．5 The Internet Architecture Board8

1．6 The IAB Reorganization9

1．7 The Internet Society11

1．8 Internet Request For Comments11

1．9 Internet Protocols And Standardization12

1．10 Future Growth And Technology12

1．11 Organization Of The Text13

1．12 Summary14

Chapter 2 Review Of Underlying Network Technologies17

2．1 Introduction17

2．2 Two Approaches To Network Communication18

2．3 Wide Area And Local Area Networks19

2．4 Ethernet Technology20

2．5 Fiber Distributed Data Interconnect（FDDI）32

2．6 Asynchronous Transfer Mode36

2．7 ARPANET Technology37

2．8 National Science Foundation Networking39

2．9 ANSNET44

2．10 A Planned Wide Area Backbone44

2．11 Other Technologies Over Which TCP/IP Has Been Used44

2．12 Summary And Conclusion47

Chapter 3 Internetworking Concept And Architectural Model49

3．1 Introduction49

3．2 Application-Level Interconnection49

3．3 Network-Level Interconnection50

3．4 Properties Of The Internet51

3．5 Internet Architecture52

3．6 Interconnection Through IP Routers52

3．7 The User s View54

3．8 All Networks Are Equal54

3．9 The Unanswered Questions55

3．10 Summary56

Chapter 4 Internet Addresses59

4．1 Introduction59

4．2 Universal Identifiers59

4．3 Three Primary Classes Of IP Addresses60

4．4 Addresses Specify Network Connections61

4．5 Network And Broadcast Addresses61

4．6 Limited Broadcast62

4．7 Interpreting Zero To Mean This62

4．8 Weaknesses In Internet Addressing63

4．9 Dotted Decimal Notation65

4．10 Loopback Address65

4．11 Summary Of Special Address Conventions66

4．12 Internet Addressing Authority66

4．13 An Example67

4．14 Network Byte Order69

4．15 Summary70

Chapter 5 Mapping Internet Addresses To Physical Addresses（ARP）73

5．1 Introduction73

5．2 The Address Resolution Problem73

5．3 Two Types Of Physical Addresses74

5．4 Resolution Through Direct Mapping74

5．5 Resolution Through Dynamic Binding75

5．6 The Address Resolution Cache76

5．7 ARP Refinements77

5．8 Relationship Of ARP To Other Protocols77

5．9 ARP Implementation77

5．10 ARP Encapsulation And Identification79

5．11 ARP Protocol Format79

5．12 Summary81

Chapter 6 Determining An Internet Address At Startup（RARP）83

6．1 Introduction83

6．2 Reverse Address Resolution Protocol（RARP）84

6．3 Timing RARP Transactions86

6．4 Primary And Backup RARP Servers86

6．5 Summary87

Chapter 7 Internet Protocol：Connectionless Datagram Delivery89

7．1 Introduction89

7．2 A Virtual Network89

7．3 Internet Architecture And Philosophy90

7．4 The Concept Of Unreliable Delivery90

7．5 Connectionless Delivery System91

7．6 Purpose Of The Internet Protocol91

7．7 The Internet Datagram91

7．8 Internet Datagram Options100

7．9 Summary106

Chapter 8 Internet Protocol：Routing IP Datagrams109

8．1 Introduction109

8．2 Routing In An Internet109

8．3 Direct And Indirect Delivery111

8．4 Table-Driven IP Routing113

8．5 Next-Hop Routing113

8．6 Default Routes115

8．7 Host-Specific Routes115

8．8 The IP Routing Algorithm116

8．9 Routing With IP Addresses116

8．10 Handling Incoming Datagrams118

8．11 Establishing Routing Tables119

8．12 Summary119

Chapter 9 Internet Protocol：Error And Control Messages（ICMP）123

9．1 Introduction123

9．2 The Internet Control Message Protocol123

9．3 Error Reporting vs．Error Correction124

9．4 ICMP Message Delivery125

9．5 ICMP Message Format126

9．6 Testing Destination Reachability And Status（Ping）127

9．7 Echo Request And Reply Message Format128

9．8 Reports Of Unreachable Destinations128

9．9 Congestion And Datagram Flow Control130

9．10 Source Quench Format130

9．11 Route Change Requests From Routers131

9．12 Detecting Circular Or Excessively Long Routes133

9．13 Reporting Other Problems134

9．14 Clock Synchronization And Transit Time Estimation134

9．15 Information Request And Reply Messages136

9．16 Obtaining A Subnet Mask136

9．17 Summary137

Chapter 10 Subnet And Supernet Address Extensions139

10．1 Introduction139

10．2 Review Of Relevant Facts139

10．3 Minimizing Network Numbers140

10．4 Transparent Routers141

10．5 Proxy ARP142

10．6 Subnet Addressing143

10．7 Flexibility In Subnet Address Assignment146

10．8 Implementation Of Subnets With Masks147

10．9 Subnet Mask Representation148

10．10 Routing In The Presence Of Subnets149

10．11 The Subnet Routing Algorithm150

10．12 A Unified Routing Algorithm151

10．13 Maintenance Of Subnet Masks152

10．14 Broadcasting To Subnets152

10．15 Supernet Addressing153

10．16 The Effect Of Supernetting On Routing154

10．17 Summary155

Chapter 11 Protocol Layering159

11．1 Introduction159

11．2 The Need For Multiple Protocols159

11．3 The Conceptual Layers Of Protocol Software160

11．4 Functionality Of The Layers163

11．5 X.25 And Its Relation To The ISO Model164

11．6 Differences Between X.25 And Internet Layering167

11．7 The Protocol Layering Principle169

11．8 Layering In The Presence Of Network Substructure171

11．9 Two Important Boundaries In The TCP/IP Model173

11．10 The Disadvantage Of Layering174

11．11 The Basic Idea Behind Multiplexing And Demultiplexing174

11．12 Summary176

Chapter 12 User Datagram Protocol（UDP）179

12．1 Introduction179

12．2 Identifying The Ultimate Destination179

12．3 The User Datagram Protocol180

12．4 Format Of UDP Messages181

12．5 UDP Pseudo-Header182

12．6 UDP Encapsulation And Protocol Layering183

12．7 Layering And The UDP Checksum Computation185

12．8 UDP Multiplexing，Demultiplexing，And Ports185

12．9 Reserved And Available UDP Port Numbers186

12．10 Summary188

Chapter 13 Reliable Stream Transport Service（TCP）191

13．1 Introduction191

13．2 The Need For Stream Delivery191

13．3 Properties Of The Reliable Delivery Service192

13．4 Providing Reliability193

13．5 The Idea Behind Sliding Windows195

13．6 The Transmission Control Protocol198

13．7 Ports，Connections，And Endpoints199

13．8 Passive And Active Opens201

13．9 Segments，Streams，And Sequence Numbers201

13．10 Variable Window Size And Flow Control202

13．11 TCP Segment Format203

13．12 Out Of Band Data205

13．13 Maximum Segment Size Option206

13．14 TCP Checksum Computation207

13．15 Acknowledgements And Retransmission208

13．16 Timeout And Retransmission209

13．17 Accurate Measurement Of Round Trip Samples211

13．18 Karn s Algorithm And Timer Backoff212

13．19 Responding To High Variance In Delay213

13．20 Response To Congestion214

13．21 Establishing A TCP Connection216

13．22 Initial Sequence Numbers217

13．23 Closing a TCP Connection217

13．24 TCP Connection Reset219

13．25 TCP State Machine219

13．26 Forcing Data Delivery221

13．27 Reserved TCP Port Numbers221

13．28 TCP Performance221

13．29 Silly Window Syndrome And Small Packets223

13．30 Avoiding Silly Window Syndrome224

13．31 Summary227

Chapter 14 Routing：Cores，Peers，And Algorithms（GGP）231

14．1 Introduction231

14．2 The Origin Of Routing Tables232

14．3 Routing With Partial Information233

14．4 Original Internet Architecture And Cores234

14．5 Core Routers235

14．6 Beyond The Core Architecture To Peer Backbones238

14．7 Automatic Route Propagation240

14．8 Vector Distance（Bellman-Ford）Routing240

14．9 Gateway-To-Gateway Protocol（GGP）242

14．10 GGP Message Formats243

14．11 Link-State（SPF）Routing245

14．12 SPF Protocols246

14．13 Summary246

Chapter 15 Routing：Autonomous Systems（EGP）249

15．1 Introduction249

15．2 Adding Complexity To The Architectural Model249

15．3 A Fundamental Idea：Extra Hops250

15．4 Autonomous System Concept252

15．5 Exterior Gateway Protocol（EGP）254

15．6 EGP Message Header255

15．7 EGP Neighbor Acquisition Messages256

15．8 EGP Neighbor Reachability Messages257

15．9 EGP Poll Request Messages258

15．10 EGP Routing Update Messages259

15．11 Measuring From The Receiver s Perspective261

15．12 The Key Restriction Of EGP262

15．13 Technical Problems264

15．14 Decentralization Of Internet Architecture264

15．15 Beyond Autonomous Systems264

15．16 Summary265

Chapter 16 Routing：In An Autonomous System（RIP，OSPF，HELLO）267

16．1 Introduction267

16．2 Static Vs．Dynamic Interior Routes267

16．3 Routing Information Protocol（RIP）270

16．4 The Hello Protocol276

16．5 Combining RIP，Hello，And EGP278

16．6 The Open SPF Protocol（OSPF）279

16．7 Routing With Partial Information286

16．8 Summary286

Chapter 17 Internet Multicasting（IGMP）289

17．1 Introduction289

17．2 Hardware Broadcast289

17．3 Hardware Multicast290

17．4 IP Multicast291

17．5 IP Multicast Addresses291

17．6 Mapping IP Multicast To Ethernet Multicast292

17．7 Extending IP To Handle Multicasting293

17．8 Internet Group Management Protocol294

17．9 IGMP Implementation294

17．10 Group Membership State Transitions295

17．11 IGMP Message Format296

17．12 Multicast Address Assignment297

17．13 Propagating Routing Information297

17．14 The Mrouted Program298

17．15 Summary300

Chapter 18 TCP/IP Over ATM Networks303

18．1 Introduction303

18．2 ATM Hardware304

18．3 Large ATM Networks304

18．4 The Logical View Of An ATM Network305

18．5 The Two ATM Connection Paradigms306

18．6 Paths，Circuits，And Identifiers307

18．7 ATM Cell Transport308

18．8 ATM Adaptation Layers308

18．9 AAL5 Convergence，Segmentation，And Reassembly311

18．10 Datagram Encapsulation And IP MTU Size311

18．11 Packer Type And Multiplexing312

18．12 IP Address Binding In An ATM Network313

18．13 Logical IP Subnet Concept314

18．14 Connection Management315

18．15 Address Binding Within An LIS316

18．16 ATMARP Packet Format316

18．17 Using ATMARP Packets To Determine An Address318

18．18 Obtaining Entries For A Server Database320

18．19 Timing Out ATMARP Information In A Server320

18．20 Timing Out ATMARP Information In A Host Or Router320

18．21 Summary321

Chapter 19 Client-Server Model Of Interaction325

19．1 Introduction325

19．2 The Client-Server Model325

19．3 A Simple Example：UDP Echo Server326

19．4 Time And Date Service328

19．5 The Complexity Of Servers329

19．6 RARP Server330

19．7 Alternatives To The Client-Server Model331

19．8 Summary332

Chapter 20 The Socket Interface335

20．1 Introduction335

20．2 The UNIX I/O Paradigm And Network I/O336

20．3 Adding Network I/O to UNIX336

20．4 The Socket Abstraction337

20．5 Creating A Socket337

20．6 Socket Inheritance And Termination338

20．7 Specifying A Local Address339

20．8 Connecting Sockets To Destination Addresses340

20．9 Sending Data Through A Socket341

20．10 Receiving Data Through A Socket343

20．11 Obtaining Local And Remote Socket Addresses344

20．12 Obtaining And Setting Socket Options345

20．13 Specifying A Queue Length For A Server346

20．14 How A Server Accepts Connections346

20．15 Servers That Handle Multiple Services347

20．16 Obtaining And Setting Host Names348

20．17 Obtaining And Setting The Internal Host Domain349

20．18 BSD UNIX Network Library Calls349

20．19 Network Byte Order Conversion Routines350

20．20 IP Address Manipulation Routines351

20．21 Accessing The Domain Name System352

20．22 Obtaining Information About Hosts354

20．23 Obtaining Information About Networks355

20．24 Obtaining Information About Protocols355

20．25 Obtaining Information About Network Services356

20．26 An Example Client357

20．27 An Example Server359

20．28 Summary362

Chapter 21 Bootstrap And Autoconfiguration（BOOTP，DHCP）365

21．1 Introduction365

21．2 The Need For An Alternative To RARP366

21．3 Using IP To Determine An IP Address366

21．4 The BOOTP Retransmission Policy367

21．5 The BOOTP Message Format368

21．6 The Two-Step Bootstrap Procedure369

21．7 Vendor-Specific Field370

21．8 The Need For Dynamic Configuration370

21．9 Dynamic Host Configuration372

21．10 Dynamic IP Address Assignment372

21．11 Obtaining Multiple Addresses373

21．12 Address Acquisition States374

21．13 Early Lease Termination374

21．14 Lease Renewal States376

21．15 DHCP Message Format377

21．16 DHCP Options And Message Type378

21．17 Option Overload379

21．18 DHCP And Domain Names379

21．19 Summary380

Chapter 22 The Domain Name System（DNS）383

22．1 Introduction383

22．2 Names For Machines384

22．3 Flat Namespace384

22．4 Hierarchical Names385

22．5 Delegation Of Authority For Names386

22．6 Subset Authority386

22．7 TCP/IP Internet Domain Names387

22．8 Official And Unofficial Internet Domain Names388

22．9 Items Named And Syntax Of Names390

22．10 Mapping Domain Names To Addresses391

22．11 Domain Name Resolution393

22．12 Efficient Translation394

22．13 Caching：The Key To Efficiency395

22．14 Domain Server Message Format396

22．15 Compressed Name Format399

22．16 Abbreviation Of Domain Names399

22．17 Inverse Mappings400

22．18 Pointer Queries401

22．19 Object Types And Resource Record Contents401

22．20 Obtaining Authority For A Subdomain402

22．21 Summary403

Chapter 23 Applications：Remote Login（TELNET，Rlogin）407

23．1 Introduction407

23．2 Remote Interactive Computing407

23．3 TELNET Protocol408

23．4 Accommodating Heterogeneity410

23．5 Passing Commands That Control The Remote Side412

23．6 Forcing The Server To Read A Control Function414

23．7 TELNET Options414

23．8 TELNET Option Negotiation415

23．9 Rlogin（BSD UNIX）416

23．10 Summary417

Chapter 24 Applications：File Transfer And Access（FTP，TFTP，NFS）419

24．1 Introduction419

24．2 File Access And Transfer419

24．3 On-line Shared Access420

24．4 Sharing By File Transfer421

24．5 FTP：The Major TCP/IP File Transfer Protocol421

24．6 FTP Features422

24．7 FTP Process Model422

24．8 TCP Port Number Assignment424

24．9 The User s View Of FTP424

24．10 An Example Anonymous FTP Session426

24．11 TFTP427

24．12 NFS429

24．13 NFS Implementation429

24．14 Remote Procedure Call（RPC）430

24．15 Summary431

Chapter 25 Applications：Electronic Mail（822，SMTP，MIME）433

25．1 Introduction433

25．2 Electronic Mail433

25．3 Mailbox Names And Aliases435

25．4 Alias Expansion And Mail Forwarding435

25．5 The Relationship Of Internetworking And Mail436

25．6 TCP/IP Standards For Electronic Mail Service438

25．7 Electronic Mail Addresses438

25．8 Pseudo Domain Addresses440

25．9 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol（SMTP）440

25．10 The MIME Extension For Non-ASCII Data443

25．11 MIME Multipart Messages444

25．12 Summary445

Chapter 26 Applications：Internet Management（SNMP，SNMPv2）447

26．1 Introduction447

26．2 The Level Of Management Protocols447

26．3 Architectural Model448

26．4 Protocol Architecture450

26．5 Examples of MIB Variables451

26．6 The Structure Of Management Information452

26．7 Formal Definitions Using ASN．I453

26．8 Structure And Representation Of MIB Object Names453

26．9 Simple Network Management Protocol458

26．10 SNMP Message Format460

26．11 Example Encoded SNMP Message462

26．12 Summary463

Chapter 27 Summary Of Protocol Dependencies465

27．1 Introduction465

27．2 Protocol Dependencies465

27．3 Application Program Access467

27．4 Summary468

Chapter 28 Internet Security And Firewall Design471

28．1 Introduction471

28．2 Protecting Resources472

28．3 The Need For An Information Policy472

28．4 Communication，Cooperation，And Mutual Mistrust474

28．5 Mechanisms For Internet Security475

28．6 Firewalls And Internet Access476

28．7 Multiple Connections And Weakest Links477

28．8 Firewall Implementation And High-Speed Hardware478

28．9 Packet-Level Filters479

28．10 Security And Packet Filter Specification480

28．11 The Consequence Of Restricted Access For Clients481

28．12 Accessing Services Through A Firewall481

28．13 The Details Of Firewall Architecture483

28．14 Stub Network484

28．15 An Alternative Firewall Implementation484

28．16 Monitoring And Logging485

28．17 Summary486

Chapter 29 The Future Of TCP/IP（IPng，IPv6）489

29．1 Introduction489

29．2 Why Change TCP/IP And The Internet?490

29．3 Motivation For Changing IPv4491

29．4 The Road To A New Version Of IP492

29．5 The Name Of The Next IP492

29．6 Features Of IPv6493

29．7 General Form Of An IPv6 Datagram494

29．8 IPv6 Base Header Format494

29．9 IPv6 Extension Headers496

29．10 Parsing An IPv6 Datagram497

29．11 IPv6 Fragmentation And Reassembly498

29．12 The Consequence Of End-To-End Fragmentation498

29．13 IPv6 Source Routing500

29．14 IPv6 Options500

29．15 Size Of The IPv6 Address Space502

29．16 IPv6 Colon Hexadecimal Notation502

29．17 Three Basic IPv6 Address Types503

29．18 The Duality Of Broadcast And Multicast504

29．19 An Engineering Choice And Simulated Broadcast504

29．20 Proposed IPv6 Address Space Assignment504

29．21 Ipv6 Address Encoding And Transition506

29．22 Providers，Subscribers，And Address Hierarchy506

29．23 Additional Hierarchy507

29．24 Summary508

Appendix 1 A Guide To RFCs511

Appendix 2 Glossary Of Internetworking Terms And Abbreviations557

Bibliography591

Index599